Tetra- prefix

These compounds are also referred to as tetrafluoroborates, but the tetra-prefix is usually dropped. Fluoroborates and fluoroboric acid have been studied extensively because of their commercial uses as fluxes and in metal-plating baths. Fluoroboric acid, HBF4, does not exist as such but can be stabilized as a solvated ion pair in aqueous solution. Commercially available solutions contain approximately 48% HBF4 as H3O+ BF4 -4H20. Other names used less frequently for this reagent are hydrofluoroboric acid, hydroborofluoric acid, and tetrafluoroboric acid. The boron atom in fluoroboric acid is nearly tetrahedral, with almost equidistant B-F bonds,... 

Both remaining CgHi4 isomers have two methyl groups as substituents on a four carbon chain Thus the parent chain is butane When the same substituent appears more than once use the multiplying prefixes di tri tetra and so on A separate locant is used for each substituent and the locants are separated from each other by commas and from the words by hyphens... 

Replicating prefixes such as di tri and tetra (see Section 2 12) are used as... 

List the substituents attached to the longest con tinuous chain in alphabetical order Use the pre fixes di- tri- tetra- and so on when the same substituent appears more than once Ignore these prefixes when alphabetizing... 

If the same alkyl group occurs more than once as a side chain, this is indicated by the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. Side chains are cited in alphabetical order (before insertion of any multiplying prefix). The name of a complex radical (side chain) is considered to begin with the first letter of its complete name. Where names of complex radicals are composed of identical words, priority for citation is given to that radical which contains the lowest-numbered locant at the first cited point of difference in the radical. If two or more side chains are in equivalent positions, the one to be assigned the lowest-numbered locant is that cited first in the name. The complete expression for the side chain may be enclosed in parentheses for clarity or the carbon atoms in side chains may be indicated by primed locants. 

In the case of complex entities such as organic ligands (particularly if they are substituted) the multiplying prefixes bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis-,. . . are used, i.e.,-kis is added starting from tetra-. The modified entity is often placed within parentheses to avoid ambiguity. 

Stoichiometric Proportions. The stoichiometric proportions of the constituents in a formula may be denoted by Greek numerical prefixes mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona- (Latin), deca-, undeca- (Latin), dodeca-,. . . , icosa- (20), henicosa- (21),. . . , tri-conta-(30), tetraconta-(40),. . . , hecta-(100), and so on, preceding without a hyphen the names of the elements to which they refer. The prefix mono can usually be omitted occasionally hemi-(1/2) and sesqui- (%) are used. No elisions are made when using numerical prefixes except in the case of icosa- when the letter i is elided in docosa- and tricosa-. Beyond 10, prefixes may be replaced by Arabic numerals. 

Use hyphens to separate the different prefixes, and use commas to separate numbers. If two or more different substituents are present, cite them in alphabetical order. If two or more identical substituents are present, use one of the multiplier prefixes d, fn -, tetra-, and so forth, but don t use these prefixes for alphabetizing. Full names for some of the examples we have been using follow. 

When the prefixes tetra, penta, hexa,. .. are followed by the letter o, the a is often dropped. For example, N2Os is often referred to as dinitrogen pentoxide. 

The number of ligands of a particular type is ordinarily indicated by the Greek prefixes di, tri, tetra, penta, hexaz... 

The prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, bexa-, and so on, indicate how many of each substituent are in the molecule. Numbers set off by hyphens specify to which carbon atoms the groups are attached. 

In naming olefins, the prefix number indicates the lower numbered carbon atom involved in the double bond, numbering from one end of the molecule. Two or more double bonds in one molecule are possible with the number of double bonds indicated by di- for two double bonds, tri- for three, tetra for four, etc. before the -ene ending (e.g., butadiene). Buta- means four carbons and diene indicates the presence of two double bonds. 

It should be noted that italicised hyphenated prefixes which indicate structure, such as cis-. o-, m-, tert-, mixo-, N-. 0-, etc., have been ignored during the alpha-sorting routine used on this index and the group-lists, while the roman character structural prefixes iso and neo, and roman multiplying prefixes such as di, tris, tetra and hexakis, have been included in the indexing procedure. 

To indicate the number of ligands of a particular type, the prefixes di, tri, tetra, and so on are used. If the name of the ligand contains one of these prefixes, the number of ligands is indicated by using the prefixes bis, tris, tetrakis, and so forth. For example, two ethylenediamine ligands would be indicated as bis(ethylenediamine) rather than diethylenediamine. 

However, when writing the names of the functional groups (if there are more than one), they are written in alphabetical order. If there is more than one of the same functional group, then the name need not be repeated, but the prefix di- (for two), tri- (for three) or tetra- (for four) may be added. 

Figure 12.15 Gangliosides. The prefix mono-, di, tri- or tetra- denotes the number of sialic acid W-acetyl neuraminic acid, NANA) residues present in the molecule. The many different gangliosides have complex structures and for convenience shorthand notations are used. The two commonest were introduced by Svennerholm, who named the parent compound GM1, and Wiegnandt, who named it Ggnti. The latter system gives enough information for the structures to be worked out from the shorthand form once the symbols have been learnt. GalNAc represents N-acetyl galactosamine in the above structure.

Step 3 Add a position number before the root of the name to indicate the location of the —OH group. (Remember to number the main chain of the hydrocarbon so that the hydroxyl group has the lowest possible position number.) If there is more than one —OH group, leave the -e in the name of the parent alkane, and put the appropriate prefix (di-, tri-, or tetra-) before the suffix -ol. 

Of the two kinds of numerical prefix (see Table 4.2), the simple di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. are generally recommended. The prefixes bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, etc. are to be used only with more complex expressions and to avoid ambiguity. They normally require parentheses around the name they qualify. The nesting order of enclosing marks is as cited on p. 13. There is normally no elision in instances such as tetraammine and the two adjacent letters a are pronounced separately. 

Basic multiplicative prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. are used with the names of simple substituents and retained names. Different or modified prefixes are used with complex substituents bis-, tris-, tetrakis- from tetrakis- onwards the ending -kis is attached to the basic multiplicative prefix, giving pentakis-, hexakis-, etc. (compare the use in coordination nomenclature). 

In one method, the non-detachable prefixes hydro- and dehydro- (in the case of mancudes only) can be used to indicate the addition or subtraction of one hydrogen atom. As even numbers of hydrogen atoms are involved when a carbon-carbon single bond becomes a double or triple bond, the multiplicative prefixes di-, tetra-, etc., as well as the appropriate locants, are used. The prefix dehydro- is always used to indicate the subtraction of hydrogen atoms from saturated heterocycles having Hantzsch-Widman names. 

In the other method, the ending -ane is changed to -ene or -yne to indicate the presence of a double or triple bond. This is used for alkanes and mono- and polycyclic alkane parent hydrides. In alkanes and cycloalkanes, the change of the -ane ending to -ene or -yne indicates the presence of one double or triple bond. Multiplicative prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. are used to signal the multiplicity of unsaturated bonds. Locants placed immediately in front of the endings -ene and -yne are used as needed. 

The names of polynuclear hydrides (i.e. compounds with molecules consisting of chains) are obtained by prefixing the -ane names of Table 5.2 with the appropriate multiplicative prefixes of di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. 

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