Ternary variable combination

Crystalline cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and Carbopol 934 have been studied in combination with lyophilized insulin as bioadhesive powder dosage forms for nasal delivery. Each formulation tested resulted in an decrease in plasma glucose level after nasal administration in dog and rabbit models. The most effective formulation, crystalline cellulose blended with insulin, decreased the plasma glucose level to 49% of the control value. In ternary systems the lyophilized Carbopol 934 and insulin blend with crystalline cellulose powder has been the most effective, leading to a hypoglycemia on the order of one-third of the effect obtained after intravenous injection of the same dose of insulin. The plasma glucose levels obtained in the volunteers after administration of the insulin-Carbopol-crystalline cellulose powder formulation were quite variable [38],... 

The composition of the ternary azeotrope and that of the feed determine the relative rates of entrainer and feed required to produce a pure product in the bottoms and the azeotropic composition in the overhead. Figure 10.5 shows a typical ternary diagram for ABE at expected process temperature and pressure. Point F represents the fresh feed, which is a binary mixture of A and B. Point Z represents the ternary azeotropic composition. A straight line drawn through E and F represents compositions obtained by mixing fresh feed with variable amounts of entrainer. The combined feed composition should be such that it would separate into pure component A and the ternary azeotrope. Therefore, the combined feed composition should fall on a straight line joining A and Z. The amount of entrainer added to the fresh feed should yield the composition represented by the intersection point F. ... 

Stacking the isothermal Gibbs triangles on top of each other results in a phase prism (see Fig. 1.3(a)), which represents the temperature-dependent phase behaviour of ternary water-oil-non-ionic surfactant systems. As discussed above, non-ionic surfactants mainly dissolve in the aqueous phase at low temperatures (2). Increasing the temperature one observes that this surfactant-rich water phase splits into two phases (a) and (c) at the temperature T of the lower critical endpoint cepp, i.e. the three-phase body appears. Subsequently, the lower water-rich phase (a) moves towards the water corner, while the surfactant-rich middle phase (c) moves towards the oil corner of the phase prism. At the temperature Tu of the upper critical endpoint cepa a surfactant-rich oil phase is formed by the combination of the two phases (c) and (b) and the three-phase body disappears. Each point in such a phase prism is unambiguously defined by the temperature T and two composition variables. It has proved useful [6] to choose the mass fraction of the oil in the... 

The apparent dissociation constant Aei can be calculated from the slope changes in reciprocal plots with A variable and any fixed concentration of B it will be smaller than the true dissociation constant for El if the latter can combine with B to form an inactive ternary complex. This must be borne in mind in interpreting inhibition studies with coenzyme fragments of varying size, since the larger the fragment the more likely... 

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