Teratogenic in mammals

Knudsen I, Hansen EV, Meyer AO, Poulsen E (1977) A proposed method for the simultaneous detection of germ-cell mutations leading to foetal death (dominant lethality) and of malformations (male teratogenicity) in mammals. Mutat Res, 478 267-270. 

Carbamate esters of zinc, zineb, and ziram are carcinogenic and teratogenic in animals, but this is attributed to the action of the carbamate esters and not to zinc (Elinder 1986). Results of studies with small mammals showed zinc to be cocarcinogenic with 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide on oral cancer, and with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea on brain cancer (Leonard and Gerber 1989). 

Kalter, K. (1977). Correlation between teratogenic and mutagenic effects of chemicals in mammals. In Chemical Mutagens Principles and Methods for Their Detection (Hollanender, A., Ed.). Vol. 6, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 57-82. 

Currently, only the Hydra system incorporates a measurement of toxicity to the adult to provide a comparison of the sensitivity of the embryo with that of the adult (Johnson et al., 1988). However, the Hydra screen has not been fully validated as being predictive of results in mammals, and has fallen from favor. Thus, a major goal of research directed toward developing an in vitro teratogen screen should be to find a simple yet appropriate measure of toxicity unrelated to development. This would allow the comparison of the dose for a 50% effect (ED50) on developmental toxicity as measured in vitro to an ED50 for adult toxicity in vitro. The validation... 

Developmental Toxicity. It is not known whether 1,2-diphenylhydrazine crosses the placenta, but there is no reason to assume that it (or its metabolites) would not do so. Developmental studies in mammals would provide information on possible fetotoxic and teratogenic effects of... 

Tuchmann-Duplessis, H. and and Mercier-Parot, L. (1971) Influence of neuroleptics on prenatal development in mammals. In Tuchmann-Duplessis, H., Fanconi, G., Burgio, G.R., eds. Malformations, Tumors and Mental Defects, Pathogenetic Correlation s. Milan Carlo Erba Foundation. As cited in Shepard, T.H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents, 6th ed. Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989, pp. 308-309. 

---