Tensile gauge length

Ra.m Tensile. A ram tensile test has been developed to evaluate the bond-2one tensile strength of explosion-bonded composites. The specimen is designed to subject the bonded interface to a pure tensile load. The cross-section area of the specimen is the area of the aimulus between the outer and inner diameters of the specimen. The specimen typically has a very short tensile gauge length and is constmcted so as to cause failure at the bonded interface. The ultimate tensile strength and relative ductihty of the explosion-bonded interface can be obtained by this technique. 

Sketch curves of the nominal stress against nominal strain obtained from tensile tests on (a) a typical ductile material, (b) a typical non-ductile material. The following data were obtained in a tensile test on a specimen with 50 mm gauge length and a cross-sectional area of 160 mm. ... 

Young s moduli of the polymers were determined in tensile tests [53] using samples of 4 mm by 10 mm cross-section and a gauge length of 50 mm. The results of the... 

Tensile tests were carried out on recombinant resilin in PBS buffer on an Instron Tensile Tester (model 4500) at a rate of 5 mm/min and a temperature of 21°C. The swollen strip samples (7 X 1 mm) had a gauge length of 5 mm and were cycled initially up to a strain of about 200%. The... 

Tensile testing samples were of miniature size (ca. 1.5x1.8 mm in cross-section and 5-5 cm in gauge length. Long practice in this Laboratory has proven that samples of this size give reproducible results and are eligible for comparison purposes. 

The determination of tensile stress-strain properties is conducted in accordance with ISO 527 [4] and the values that can be obtained are illustrated in Figure 7.1. For weathering tests where cabinet space is restricted some workers have used a tensile impact dumbbell from ISO 8256 [5] with a square central section which allows test pieces to be exposed edge on. The considerable disadvantage is that modulus cannot be measured as there is no parallel gauge length. 

Work in groups of four. A tensile specimen of 0.505-in. diameter and 2-in. gauge length is subjected to a load of 10,000 Ibf that causes it to elasticly deform at constant volume to a gauge length of 2.519 in. 

Tensile moduli were measured from standard dog-bone samples (2.0 mm thickness, 4.7 mm width, and 22.0 mm gauge length) in a Model 1122 Instron. Flexural modulus was determined using a testing apparatus which consists of two aluminium/steel pieces attached to the Instron which is fitted with a tensile load cell. This device effectively performs an inverted three-point bend the two side bars remain stationary above the sample as the central bar below the sample moves upward. Flexural samples measured ca. 52.0 x 1.7 x 13.1 mm and were tested using a 25.4 mm span (distance between the two side bars). Crosshead speed (CHS) for both flexural and tensile testing was 1.0 mm/min. 

Since the lateral contraction is half the tensile strain and the width of dumbbells is much smaller than the gauge length, a very high performance is needed from the "extensometer" to achieve sensible accuracy. Not surprisingly, accurate measurements have proved very difficult to obtain. 

Pieces of the compression-moulded sheets were pressed into dogbone-shaped specimens of thickness 1.7 mm and a gauge width of 15 mm for the tensile tests. Stress-strain curves were obtained at room temperature with a Zwick tensile tester at a strain rate of 0.0001 s. The samples were strained up to 3.6% strain and the strain was measured with an extensometer with a gauge length of 50 mm. The tensile tests were done only on the composites with 50 vol% glass beads, with different amounts of the silane. 

In Eqn. (20), Pf corresponds to q, the fraction of broken fibers within a gauge-length of 21 t. Then q, expressed in terms of cr , can be inserted in Eqn. (16), such that the applied stress can be given as function of partial differentiation with respect to Of, the maximum value of a, the tensile strength, ou, can be found ... 

Tensile Strength. Yam tensile strength of conditioned samples (20 °C, 65 rh) was measured on an Instron universal testing instrument model 1123 equipped with a 50-g load cell and operating at a 1-in. gauge length and a 2-mm/min crosshead speed. Twenty-five yams each in... 

Yield and necking phenomena can be envisioned usefully with the Considere construction shown in Fig. 11-21. Here the initial conditions are initial gauge length and cross-sectional area /, and /(, respectively and the conditions at any instant in the tensile deformation arc length / and cross-sectional area A, when the force applied is F. The true stress, a, defined as the force divided by the corresponding... 

TensUe tests, at controlled strain rates, were performed on an Instron tensile tester. Samples were rectangular, 6.35 mm by 3.17 mm in cross-section, or cylindrical, with a diameter of 5.1 mm. Both types had a gauge length of 12.7 mm. Fatigue tests were carried out on similar cylindrical samples, or on rectangular specimens, 5.1 mm by 3.17 nun in cross-section, at various selected stress amplitudes and at frequencies... 

In all cases, crazes initiated from the edges of samples and from surface imperfections and initially concentrated around those areas. As the samples were stretched further, whitening spread throughout the entire gauge length in a manner identical as in the original HIPS. The crazes were perpendicular to the tensile axis and all the... 

The PBT/PBA copoly(ester ester) was injection molded into dogbone tensile specimens. The cross-section in the tapered area of the specimen is 4 mm x 10 mm. ITie gauge length is 50 mm. 

The objective of this test method is to measure the cohesive stress and the time to failure of a crystalline polymer craze layer under rapid, uniform extension. The method is an impact variant of the Full Notch Creep test used by Fleissner [12], Duan and Williams [13], Pandya and Williams [14] and others. The specimen (Fig. 2), a square-section tensile bar, is injection moulded. At the mid-plane of the gauge length a sharp, deep circumferential notch reduces the cross-section to about one fifth of its original area. This notch plane is formed by a moulded-in, hardened steel washer. Specimens were injection moulded at 210°C into a warm (100°C) mould and air cooled to 40 C using a hold pressure of 45-50 bar. 

Polymer embrittlement was determined by 180° fold and/or pencil puncture tests. Elongation in the transverse direction of the LDPE samples was measured on an Instron TT-C tensile tester at 70°F and 65 relative humidity. The time to break was 25-50 sec. for 2 mm strips utilizing a gauge length of 0.5" and jaw-type clamps. 

All these quantities are readily determined. However, the determination of lc and Of (/c) necessitates a statistical analysis using the Weibull model. Gf (/c) cannot be measured directly, since /c is usually less than 0.5 mm. Therefore, it is determined from the tensile strength Gf (/) at higher gauge lengths using Equation 20... 

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