Templating using Membranes

The deposition of a conductive polymer (polypyrrole) into either a track-etched polycarbonate or alumina membrane was either achieved by electrochemical reduc- 

The produced nanofibrillar electrode demonstrated slightly higher current density (3-7%) when compared to unstructured electrodes. The magnitude ofthe increase in current density is greater as the nanofibers become narrower. The largest increase in current density recorded was one order of magnitude [45]. 

Remove surface layers fill with enzyme 

The differently produced conductive polymer structures described above all have enhanced conductivity, which can be employed in microelectronics [44] and as sensors using immobilized enzymes [46, 47[. Martin and coworkers used polarized infrared absorption spectroscopy to access the alignment of the polymer fibers on the outer surface of the nanotubes [48[. The study showed that the enhancement of the conductivity is due to the alignment of the polymer fibers on the outer surface of the tubes. 

Production of nanostructured electrodes by templating is restricted not only to conducting polymers but also to a range of other materials including metals [35, 

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Direct sputtering of the desired metal into an alumina membrane to give arrays of nanotubules has also been achieved. This was demonstrated by Guo et al. [41] where by controlling the sputter rate and pressure of the chamber it was possible to 

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Recent Developments in Manufacturing Particulate Products from Double-Emulsion Templates Using Membrane and Microfluidic Devices... 

Hybridization analysis using immobilized DNA includes dot blots and slot blots. Dot and slot blots are named for the circular and slotted well shapes in the templates used to present test samples to a membrane surface. They eliminate the need for restriction digestion and electrophoretic resolution steps by depositing samples of DNA to be tested directly onto a hybridizable membrane surface. Dot blot methodology is faster and easier for hybridization screening than Southern blotting, especially when many samples are to be screened... 

CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS SEPARATION BY USING ORGANIC TEMPLATING SILICA MEMBRANE... 

Si nanowires have been grown in templates using a direct vapour-liquid-solid route [56]. The wires were grown in a 60 pm thick and 200 nm pore diameter alumina membrane. A thin layer (< 1 pm) of Au is electrodeposited to form the catalyst. The growth was carried out using a 5% mixture of SiH4 in H2 in an isothermal low pressure reactor at 500 °G. The nanowire has a defect-free core of Si with a 2-3 nm oxide layer and is capped with Au at both ends. It has a growth direction of [100]. 

Once the polymer membrane was prepared, the photosensitive dithiocarba-mate group was used to initiate the polymerization of methylenebis(acrylamide) and acrylic acid in the presence of the template. These membranes selectively permeated caffeine in the filtration of a theophylline/caffeine solution, although the membrane substrates typically required up to twenty 24 h to prepare. 

In general, nanofluidic phenomena are involved in the realization of polymer nanofibers in many different ways. Template methods using membranes with pores of size in the order of a few tens of nm to fabricate polymer nanotubules (Section 3.3.1) are a very relevant example. " In this... 

A main advantage of electrochemical deposition is the ease of manipulation by deposition parameters, such as potential, time, concentration of monomers, and water content in the deposition solution. Many works have shown that the thickness and properties of sol-gel films are strongly dependent on the deposition conditions [2,18,21,36]. Specifically, nanostructured sol-gel films can be electro-deposited using a template as a building block. The templates used include an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane and a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfectant [28,37]. In addition, the electrodeposition of sol-gel films can also be spatially confined to conductive patterns on the electrode surface [38], or localized by a microelectrode using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) [39,40]. 

Hedlund J, Noack M, Kolsch P, Creaser D, Caro J, Sterte J. ZSM-5 membranes synthesized without organic templates using a seeding technique. J Membr Sci 1999 159 263-73. 

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