Temperature factor artificial

If the voltage from an autotransformer is to be used to adjust the temperature of a chemical reactor (see Figure 2.14), then the natural boundaries of the autotransformer voltage will impose artificial constraints on the temperature. The lower boundary of the autotransformer (0 V a.c.) would result in no heating of the chemical reactor. Its temperature would then be approximately ambient, say 25°C. The upper boundary of the autotransformer voltage would produce a constant amount of heat energy and might result in a reactor temperature of, say, 300°C. Thus, the use of an autotransformer to adjust temperature imposes artificial lower and upper boundaries on the factor of interest. 

There is another important point. If a Fourier series is cut off sharply when the terms are still appreciable, false detail will appear in the electron density map. To avoid this, for crystals giving strong reflections at large angles, an artificial temperature factor may be applied to the intensities, to make the F s fade off gradually instead of... 

Fig. 6 IR spectra of adsorbed CO on 1 ML Co deposited at room temperature on the alumina fflm as a function of CO coverage. Spectra were taken at 44 K. Black trace second up from the bottom shows the spectrum resulting from saturation coverage of a 50 50 mixture of i CO i CO. Overlaid gray trace is artificially created by adding the saturation coverage spectra CO and CO scaled by a factor 1/2. Lowest black trace shows the spectrum of CO saturation coverage on particles grown hy 1 MLCo + 0.05 MLPd. Corresponding grey trace is the pure Co spectrum for comparison. Right inset shows TPD spectrum of 1 ML Co [64]...

Figure 2.14 General system theory view showing how the use of an autotransformer imposes artificial constraints on the factor temperature.

Another proof of the importance of temperature is the fact that there is often a strict relationship between the run of isovols and the run of isotherms in deep profiles, both being influenced no doubt by the varying thermal conductivity of the different rocks. The strong influence of temperature on the rank of coal is obvious in the case of contact-metamorphic coals, whose rank increases distinctly when approaching the intrusive body. Apart from these geological observations, all experiments on artificial coalification have shown that temperature is the decisive factor in the coalification process. Thermodynamic and reaction kinetic considerations (9) also support this opinion. 

The method of Lydersen [28] is a GCM of this type to estimate the critical temperature, Tc. Other approaches to non-linear GCMs include the model of Lai et al. [29] for the boiling point, Tby and the ABC approach [30] to estimate a variety of thermodynamic properties. Further, artificial neural networks have been used to construct nonlinear models for the estimation of the normal boiling point of haloalkanes [31] and the boiling point, critical point, and acentric factor of diverse fluids [32]. 

For the compound UPt3, the value for y amounts to 420 mJ/mol K2, whereas the values for A and X depend on the direction in which the resistivity and the susceptibility have been measured, although these results do not differ more than roughly a factor of two. To illustrate these findings, the specific heat of an artificial heavy-fermion compound is shown in fig. 1 in a plot of c/T versus T2 and compared with the result for, again, an artificial normal metal. For the effective Fermi velocity, vF, one deduces values of order 5x103 m/sec and for the effective Fermi temperature values between 10 and 100 K. 

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