Natural boundary

Becker, B., Kromer, B. and Trimbom, P. 1991 A stable-isotope tree-ring timescale of the Late Glacial/Holocene boundary. Nature 353 647-649. 

Koch, P.L., Zachos, J.C. and Gingerich, P.D. 1992 Correlation between isotope records in marine and continental carbon reservoirs near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. Nature 358 319-322. 

Sakai H, Medrano L J, Meyerowitz EM 1995 Role of Superman in maintaining A rabidopsis floral whorl boundaries. Nature 378 199—203... 

Smit, J. and Hertogen, J., An extraterrestrial event at the Cretaceous Tertiary boundary, Nature 285, 198-200 (1980). 

Wolfe JA (1979) Temperature parameters of the humid to mesic forests of eastern Asia and their relation to forests of other regions of the Northern Hemisphere and Australasia. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1106 1-37 Wolfe JA (1990) Palaeobotanical evidence for a marked temperature increase following the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 343 153-156... 

Venkatesan, M. I., and Dahl, J. (1989). Organic geochemical evidence for global fires at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 338,57-60. 

Arthur M.A., Dean W.E. and Pratt L.M. (1988) Geochemical and climatic effects of increased marine organic carbon burial at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary. Nature 335, 714-717. 

Holser W.T., Schonlaub H-P., Attrep M Jr., Boeckelmann K Klein P., Magaritz M., Orth C.J., Fenninger A., Jenny C Kralik M., Mauritsch H Pak E., Schramm J-M., Stattegger K. and Schmoller R. (1989) A unique geochemical record at the Permian/Triassic boundary. Nature 337, 39-44. 

Zachos J.C., Arthur M.A. and Dean W.E. (1989) Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 337, 61-64. 

Dubrovinsky E., Annerstin H., Dubrovinskaia N., Westman E., Harryson H., Eabrichnaya O., Carlson S. (2001) Chemical interaction of Fe and AI2O3 as a source of heterogeneity at the Earth s core—mantle boundary. Nature 412, 527-529. 

Helmberger D. V., Wen L., and Ding X. (1998) Seismic evidence that the source of the Iceland hotspot lies at the core-mantle boundary. Nature 396, 251-255. 

Cerling T. E., Harris J. M., MacFadden B. J., Leakey M. G., Quade J., Eisenmann V., and Ehleringer J. R. (1997) Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature 389, 153-158. 

Cook P. J. and Shergold J. H. (1984) Phosphorus, phosphorites and skeletal evolution at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. Nature 308, 231-236. 

Tanner L. H., Hubert J. E., Coffey B. P., and Mclnemey D. P. (2001) Stability of atmospheric CO2 levels across the Triasic/Jurassic boundary. Nature 411, 675—677. 

Kundig W, Bonunel H, Constabaris G, Lindquist RH (1966) Some properties of supported small a-Fc203 particles determined with the Mossbauer effect. Phys Rev 142 327-333 Kyte FT (1998) A meteorite from the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 396 237-239 Kyte FT, Bohor BF (1995) Nickel-rich magnesiowiistite in Cretaceous/Tertiaiy boundary spherales crystallized from ultramafic, refractory sihcate liquids. Geochim Cosmochem Acta 59 4967-4974 Kyte FT, Bostwick JA (1995) Magnesiofenite spinel in Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sediments of the Pacific basin Renmants of hot, early ejecta from the Chicxulub impact Earth Planet Sci Lett 132 113-127... 

WolbachW.S., Gilmour I., Anders E., Orth C.J., Brooks R.R. (1988) Global fires at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 334, 665-9. 

Wolfe J.A., Upchurch G.R. (1986) Vegetation, climatic and floral changes at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Nature 324,148-52. 

Another important point is to find the worst case scenario. Worst case scenario must include all foreseeable factors that could exacerbate the severity of an accident. It was mentioned earlier that there shall be a defined scope and boundary naturally, this will focus attention on the accident of interest. Here, effort has been made to classify these hazard scenarios or risks into three basic categories, namely, people, environment, and property, based on their impact (combination of likelihood and severity). Matrix size and category divisions are purely specific for the project s and analysts prerogative. Table III/1.6-1 gives an idea of such scenario classifications. Impacts are in decreasing order from the top in five categories. 

The fundamental issue that affects aviation in the context of emissions trading is that the air transport industry is quite different from most other trade sectors, particularly in respect of how greenhouse gas emissions of aircraft are quantified and evaluated under the UNFCC. Part of the problem is that aircraft emissions released internationally are often of a trans-boundary nature. Therefore, emissions from aircraft involved in international carriage are not included in the national emissions totals that the parties to the Convention are required to report. Such... 

Figure 6.23 illustrates a variety of situations . We will meet further cases, in Chapter 7, in which the fluxes and hence the gradients are kept constant at the boundary. Naturally the one-dimensional solutions are not restricted to one-dimensional systems (cf. Fig. 6.22). In a suitable pseudo one-dimensional experiment is the application of a diffusion source in the form of a thin strip (e.g. gold) onto a thin film (e.g. a thin sheet of silver) (chemical diffusion). It can also be a thin strip of the same but now radioactive material (different isotope), or the exposure of a slit-shaped opening of the otherwise sealed thin oxide film to a (radioactive or chemically modified) gas atmosphere (tracer diffusion). The analogue in D is the sandwich technique or the planar application of the diffusion source onto the surface (as already considered in Fig. 6.24). If the diffusion source is a gas phase, again sealing is necessary unless the aspect ratio is very favourable, i.e. if the extension is sufficiently small in the direction of diffusion compared with the other directions in space . Otherwise the three-dimensional solution has to be considered.

---