Temperature agricultural applications

Espi E, Salmeron A, Fontecha A, Garcia Y, Real AI (2006) Plastic films for agricultural applications. J Plast Film Sheet 22 85-102. doi 10.1177/8756087906064220 Evans K (1991) Lethal temperatures for eggs of Globodera rostochiensis, determined by staining with New Blue R. Nematologica 37 225-229... 

Miscellaneous Reactions. Radiolysis at room temperature of diluted aqueous solutions of succinic acid produces 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid [1703-58-8] (122), which has numerous industrial and agricultural applications (eq. 12). 

Polyethylene has excellent chemical resistance and is not attacked by acids, bases, or salts. (It is, however, attacked by strong oxidizing agents.) The other characteristics of polyethylene which have led to its widespread use are low cost, easy process ability, excellent electrical insnlation properties, toughness and flexibility even at low temperatures, freedom from odor and toxicity, reasonable clarity of thin films, and sufficiently low permeability to water vapor for many packaging, building, and agricultural applications. 

Biodegradable polymers in agricultural applications 507 Table 19.3 Soil temperatures under mulching in 2002... 

The importance of polymer composites arises largely from the fact that such low density materials can have unusually high elastic modulus and tensile strength. Polymers have extensive applications in various fields of industry and agriculture. They are used as constructional materials or protective coatings. Exploitation of polymers is of special importance for products that may be exposed to the radiation or temperature, since the use of polymers make it possible to decrease the consumption of expensive (and, sometimes, deficient) metals and alloys, and to extent the lifetime of the whole product. 

Pyrethroids are used primarily for the control of household and agricultural insect pests, and secondarily in industrial, stored product, and veterinary applications. They are especially advantageous for use in northern climates because their toxicity is enhanced at low temperatures (Smith and Stratton 1986). Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, including fenvalerate, are used as alternatives... 

Flame emission spectrometry is used extensively for the determination of trace metals in solution and in particular the alkali and alkaline earth metals. The most notable applications are the determinations of Na, K, Ca and Mg in body fluids and other biological samples for clinical diagnosis. Simple filter instruments generally provide adequate resolution for this type of analysis. The same elements, together with B, Fe, Cu and Mn, are important constituents of soils and fertilizers and the technique is therefore also useful for the analysis of agricultural materials. Although many other trace metals can be determined in a variety of matrices, there has been a preference for the use of atomic absorption spectrometry because variations in flame temperature are much less critical and spectral interference is negligible. Detection limits for flame emission techniques are comparable to those for atomic absorption, i.e. from < 0.01 to 10 ppm (Table 8.6). Flame emission spectrometry complements atomic absorption spectrometry because it operates most effectively for elements which are easily ionized, whilst atomic absorption methods demand a minimum of ionization (Table 8.7). 

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