Temperate cereals

Rye and Climate. Rye will grow in conditions where wheat will not grow, so rye is available where wheat is not. Fortunately, rye is the only temperate cereal whose proteins can develop in a similar way to wheat gluten. 

Perez, F. J. and Ormeno-Nunez, J. 1993. Weed growth interference from temperate cereals the effect of a hydroxamic-acids-exuding rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivar. Weed Res. 33, 115-119... 

Wardlaw, 1. F. and Wrigley, C. W. 1994. Heat tolerance in temperate cereals an overview. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 21 695-703. 

Gibberellin-Insensitive and Overgrowth Mutations in Temperate Cereals... 

The cut leaves are taken to a factory, where the fibers are extracted by machines (decorticater). This machine works mostly with large quantities of water, which are used to wash away the waste. After extraction, the fiber bundles are washed and dried in the sun or with drying machines, graded and further processed to threads, ropes and twine. In former times, s. fibers were mostly used for so-called binders for tying harvested temperate cereals into sheaves before stacking. This ended suddenly when combine ->harvesters replaced binders. 

Highland temperate mixed cereals, e.g. wheat and barley, and legumes, e.g. pea and lentil, are the main staples. Farm size is 1-2 ha. Soil productivity suffers from soil erosion and lack of inputs. Cattle are kept as draught animals, for milk, manure, savings and emergency sale. Off-farm activities are limited. 

Filamentous fungi are ubiquitous in nature, and are found in soils from temperate and tropical regions. While some of these fungi are pathogenic, others are not. Mycotoxin contamination has been found in cereal plants, oilseed crops and grasses [7-12]. Most commodities have been shown to be... 

Geographically, the largest cereal production areas are in regions with temperate conditions, such as Europe, North America and cooler parts of Australia and China. 

A notable feature of the ecology of P. verrucosum is that it grows only at lower temperatures. This results in a distribution that is apparently confined to cool temperate regions. Cereal crops are its major food habitat, and it ranges across northern and central Europe and Canada. It appears to be uncommon, indeed almost unknown, in warm climates or in other kinds of foods. The occurrence of this species in European cereals has two consequences ochratoxin A is present in many kinds of European cereal products, especially bread and flour-based foods, and it is present in animals that eat cereals as a major dietary component. Ochratoxin A was detected in Danish pig meats 25 years ago (Krogh et al., 1973), and its implications for human and animal health were recognized at the same time. As bread and other cereal products and pig meats are major components of the European diet, the further consequence is that most Europeans who have been tested have shown appreciable concentrations of ochratoxin A in their blood (Hald, 1991 and many more recent reports). There is no doubt that this results from the growth of P. verrucosum in cereals. 

The previous assessment (Annex 1, reference 153 concluded that contamination of cereais with ochratoxin A occurs only in cool temperate zones, as the result of invasion by P. verrucosum. Although ochratoxin A was occasionally found in long-stored cereals, owing to the presence of A. ochraceus (or one of its close relatives), this is an uncommon occurrence (Pitt Hocking, 1997), However, with the recent identification of A. carbonarius as a source of ochratoxin A in foods, the reported presence of ochratoxin A in tropical cereals from time to time can now be explained readily. It has been known for some years that A. n/ger commonly occurs in tropical cereals (Pitt et al., 1993,1998), and all the evidence indicates that A. carbonarius mW also be present under these conditions. 

Where ochratoxin A occurs in cool temperate zone cereals, it is produced by the growth of P. verrucosum. Again, there is no evidence that this species infects... 

Abdelrahman, A. A. and Farrell, E.P., Use of an electrical conductance moisture meter to study tempering rates in grain sorghum, Cereal Chem., 58 307—308 (1981). 

For export to temperate countries, cassava is dried and pelleted. Dried cassava can be used as a partial cereal grain replacer, provided the protein deficiency is rectified. 

Rice Oryza sativa), the main cereal crop of eastern and southern Asia, requires a subtropical or warm temperate climate, and little is grown in Europe north of latitude 49°. 

The name miUet is frequently applied to several species of cereals that produce small grains and are widely cultivated in the tropics and warm temperate regions of the world. 

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