Temperate and Tropic Environments

Less severe locations, where supplemental exposure protection for the normal ambient conditions is not necessary. These location however may contain other threats that need to be accounted for, such as, sharks, hurricanes, volcanic and tsunami activity. 

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Chilton, P.J., Lawrence. A.R, and Stuart. M.E. 1998. Pesticides in groundwater some preliminary results from recent research in temperate and tropical environments. In Groundwater Contaminants and their Migration, Special Publication No. 128, Mather, J., Banks, D., Dumpleton, S. and Fermor, M. (Eds.), Geological Society, London, 333-345. 

Scarce resources, such as food or space, in some marine environments can lead to production of compounds for the offensive role of reducing competition. Focardin (Structure 7.171) and its 11,12-epoxide (Structure 7.172), produced by the Antarctic ciliate Euplotes focardii, are autotoxic and cytotoxic toward a sympatric ciliate and a selection of temperate and tropical predatory ciliates.195... 

Arctic environments are often cited as a special case for oil spills, but in fact, extensive work on the toxicity and effects of oil have shown that Arctic species are about equally sensitive to oiling as their southern equivalents. The impact of an oil spill is increased, however, by the fact that the diversity of biota in the Arctic is very low and it takes longer to develop and grow. As oil takes longer to degrade and weather in the Arctic, toxic, volatile components are retained longer. For all these reasons, recovery from an oil spill is slower in an Arctic environment than in temperate and tropical zones. 

This chapter covers information applicable to zinc corrosion behavior in general. Chapter 2 covers corrosion in the atmosphere—which is the most important group of environments in which zinc is used. Attack is usually approximately linear with time, but often with some reduction of rate as protective films form. Many results are available, and tables have been prepared for the guidance of designers. Water corrosion follows in Chapter 3, with distinctions between hard and soft tap water (hot and cold), temperate and tropical seawater, and tidal and splash zones. Buried structures—together with a section on earth reinforcement—follow in Chapter 4, and conditions appropriate for zinc sacrificial anodes are included in both Chapters 3 and 4. 

Malhi Y, Baldocchi DD, Jarvis PG (1999) The carbon balance of tropical, temperate and boreal forests. Plant Cell Environ 22 715-740... 

Szefer, R, S.W. Fowler, K. Ikuta, et al. 2006. A comparative assessment of heavy metal accumulation in soft parts and byssus of mussels from subarctic, temperate, subtropical and tropical marine environments. Environ. Pollut. 139 70-78. 

There are many instances where the results of one study have not been confirmed by the results of another study using the same chemical. Such disturbing discrepancies may be explained in part by differences in protocol for chemical administration (food, ambient water or injection) or dose or duration of the treatment. Furthermore, over 30 different model species from marine, freshwater, tropical, temperate and cold-water environments have been used. Also, fish have rarely been at a comparable physiologic state or stage of development or maturation and have been held under diverse environmental conditions. If indeed, as seems to be the case, variations in thyroidal responses to ecotoxicants can be explained in part by variations in species, environmental conditions and physiologic state, then selection of a standardized... 

Phytoplankton Single-celled photosynthetic algae Podzolization A process commonly occurring in humid-temperate environments and tropical regions. The process involves the participation of soluble organic compounds that complex Fe, Al, and other metals and transport them to depth, where they are arrested. The result is a soil that displays a dramatic segregation of horizons... 

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