TEM analysis

In order to further prove the above speculation, the TEM images of the PPy/T-CN nanocomposites dispersed in ethanol were given in Fig. 13.14. The morphologies of the composites became smaller with the increasing T-CNs. The width of the T-CNs was about 20 nm, while that of the composites was 30-50 nm. A thickness layer of PPy about 30 nm was deposited on the T-CNs. We could find that on the surface of the nanocomposites absorbed a lot of uniform spherical nanoparticles and their diameters are about 2.5 nm. According to the previous work, they might be PPy nanoparticles [43]. And we could also find on the surface of the covered layer adhered a lot of spherical nanoparticles ranging from about 20 to 100 nm, which is consistent with the SEM results. This indicated that the T-CNs molecules acted as the templates as well as the 

PPy/T-CN nanocomposites with electrical conductivities as high as 10 S/cm were also obtained. 

The authors are grateful to Prof. T. Kimura and Dr. F. Kimura (Kyoto University] for their helpful discussions and technical support. 

Eichhorn, S. J. (2011). Cellulose nanowhiskers Promising materials for advanced applications, So Mattei 7(2), 303-315. 

O SULLIVAN, A. C. (1997) Cellulose The structure slowly unravels, Ce//o/ose.4r3L173-2Q7. 

The internal structure of the PBA-SS nanocomposites was further conformed by TEM, which directly visualized the expanded layer structure in the 

Biodegradable Polymer-Clay Nanocomposite Fire Retardants 

The internal stress within the diamond film grown on Pt(lll) substrate was characterized by confocal Raman spectroscopy [401, 402]. The film thickness was 

The diameter of commercially available Pt single crystal is limited to about 1 cm so that to deposit (11 l)-oriented diamond film on larger areas, one must use single crystal Pt films. To this end, it would be very convenient if Si wafer can be used as the base material. Just depositing Pt on Si did not work, however, because randomly oriented platinum silicide can be very easily formed at high temperatures, and hence this is not an appropriate substrate for heteroepitaxial growth of diamond. 

In Ref. [403], a multi-layered structure of Pt(l 11)/Ti02/Si0x/Si was used as the substrate, and Pt (25-50nm thickness) was (11 l)-oriented, even though SiOx was amorphous. The presence of the Ti02 layer (20-100 nm thickness) improved 

Based on the DC plasma CVD technique, Sawabe and co-workers [376] were successful in making a free-standing, transparent, 2 mm x 2 mm, 8 pm thick, (lOO)-oriented diamond platelet. A defect study of the film was done using ESR [406], In the latest result, a free-standing, transparent diamond plate of l-inch in diameter has been made by Sawabe s group. 

The Ir film, after the BEN treatment at 920 °C for 30 min, followed by a 4-h diamond growth at 770 °C, was not covered with diamond, and there were domains of both Ir(OOl) and Ir(lll) adjacent to each other [12]. The reason for this was not clear, but both the higher stability of Ir(lll) surface over Ir(OOl), and the low activation energy of Ir atom transport seemed to contribute to this result. The formation of Ir(lll) domains after BEN and diamond growth seems to indicate that a deposition of Ir(lll) film on StTiO fOOl) will be possible not simply by electron-beam evaporation but by a post-treatment. If this is actually the case, a growth of (lll)-oriented diamond will occur on Ir(l 11). 

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The use of DNA as a template to fabricate mesoscale structures was also demonstrated in a recent work of Torimoto and coworkers. They used preformed, positively charged 3-nm CdS nanoparticles with a thiocholine-modified surface to be assembled into chains by using the electrostatic interaction between positively charged nanoparticle snr-faces and the phosphate groups of DNA. As determined by TEM analysis, the CdS nanoparticles were arranged in a qnasi-one-dimensional dense packing. This revealed interparticle distances of about 3.5 nm, which is almost equal to the height of one helical tnm of the DNA double strand [98]. 

The data from the XAS and TEM analysis showed for the first time that higher plants (alfalfa) grown in a gold enriched medium can form gold nanoparticles [28]. The data from the TEM images also showed that the Au particles produced by alfalfa had structural defects similar to... 

TEM analysis informed that the most-abundant Pd nanocluster diameters were in the 1.8-2.4 nm range. This observation, although the agreement was mediocre, provided a first-level confirmation of what would have become the TCS strategy. 

In this case we took care of a very major question concerning the reliability of the metal nanocluster diameters determination to be compared with the ISEC-based nanostructural outcomes of the macromolecular mold. In fact TEM analysis is based on the counting of some hundreds of metal nanoclusters and the pretence to propose such universal criterion as TCS had to cope with a far more reliable verification. 

TEM analysis provides results extremely compatible with ISEC analysis (Figure 6). 

Data are presented in Figure 9. TEM analysis, based on counting 259 Pd° nanoclusters, reveals a really remarkable size-control exerted by the macromolecular mold on the... 

In order to evaluate the release and self-assembly of the diphenylalanine end groups, dendron 22 was incubated in PBS, pH 7.4, without PGA at a concentration of 1.5 mM. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that attachment of the diphenylalanine to the dendritic platform prevented self-assembly, and therefore, no organized structures were observed (Fig. 5.17a). Then, dendron... 

ESCA spectra were obtained with a Kratos XSAM -800 instrument with Mg anode 200 watts under a vacuum of 10-9 torr. TEM analysis was done on a Phillips IL 420 T STEM at 100 KV in the TEM mode. 

High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) micrographies were performed with a JEOL JEM-3010 microscope operating at 300 kV (Cs= 0.6 mm, point resolution 1.7 A). Images were recorded with CCD camera (MultiScan model 794, Gatan, 1024 x 1024 pixels, pixel size 24 x 24 pm2). The powder samples were mixed in ethanol and then ultrasonicated for 10 min. A drop of the wet sample was placed on a copper grid and then allowed to dry for 10 min before TEM analysis. 

Tomography was applied during Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis of various reduced Au/zeolite samples. The size and location of the gold nanoparticles as a function of the support characteristics and preparation method are discussed. 

To some extent the cobalt particles in Figure 2.1(c) seem to be distributed within the tubular structure of the multiwalled nanotubes. TEM analysis could not fully clarify if this is an artifact or if the particles are truly situated inside the hollow space of the tubes. However, Tavasoli et al.14 observed Co particles captured inside the tubes after incipient wetness impregnation. Thus, it can be assumed that this is the case here as well. 

Figure 7.13 TEM analysis of the ED Bi-2212 films on LAO (a) HRTEM, (b) clean interface, and (c) stacking fault (SF). [Reproduced with permission from Ref. 101. Copyright 2004 IOP Publishing Limited.]...

Liu et al. prepared palladium nanoparticles in water-dispersible poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-lined channels of diblock copolymer microspheres [47]. The diblock microspheres (mean diameter 0.5 pm) were prepared using an oil-in-water emulsion process. The diblock used was poly(t-butylacrylate)-Wock-poly(2-cinna-moyloxyethyl) methacrylate (PtBA-b-PCEMA). Synthesis of the nanoparticles inside the PAA-lined channels of the microspheres was achieved using hydrazine for the reduction of PdCl2, and the nanoparticle formation was confirmed from TEM analysis and electron diffraction study (Fig. 9.1). The Pd-loaded microspheres catalyzed the hydrogenation of methylacrylate to methyl-propionate. The catalytic reactions were carried out in methanol as solvent under dihydro-... 

The same authors also reported the dispersion of palladium nanoparticles in a water/AOT/n-hexane microemulsion by hydrogen gas reduction of PdClJ and its efficiency for hydrogenation of alkenes in organic solvents [79]. UV-visible spectroscopy and TEM analysis revealed the formation of Pd nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 4 to 10 nm. Three olefins (1-phenyl-l-cyclohexene, methyl trans-cinnamate, and trans-stilbene) were used as substrates for the catalytic hydrogenation experiments under 1 atm of H2 (Table 9.12). All of the Start-... 

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