Technology defined

The concept of a chemical potential is germane to a discussion of water activity (aw), which is technologically defined as the ratio of the equilibrium water vapor pressure over a solution or dispersion (p0) and the water vapor pressure over pure water (jb ). Also by definition, the chemical potential of a solvent ( jl0) or a solute (p ) is the rate of change in energy of either with a change only in the molal content of that component in solution. 

The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Technology defines Normal Phase as an elution procedure in which the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase . In practice, the most widely used stationary phases for preparative HPLC are based on silica and the polarity of the underlying silyl ether and silanol provides the required hydrophilic surface. Amino and cyano bonded silica are also commonly used in normal phase mode though the latter also has some reversed phase properties. The predominant mechanism of interaction is hydrogen bonding. However, the silanol is mildly acidic so the silica surface will also have mild cation exchange properties. 

In the fall of 1998, Prof. Sergey Firstov invited me to the Frantcevych Institute for Problems of Materials Science (IPMS) in Kyiv, Ukraine to discuss possible collaborations in the area of advanced metals research. During this visit, a strong mutual interest was evident in a broad range of structural metals technologies, and a quick friendship was established. Countless subsequent emails and a reciprocal visit to the U.S Air Force Research Laboratory by Prof. Firstov and a team of scientists from IPMS ensued to discuss and detail a broad collaboration in the area of structural metals. Two years after the initial visit, a major investment by the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) was established to pursue the technologies defined by these interactions. 

The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology defines the calorie as joules. 

The effect was ultimately thought to be due to the presence of a relatively small number of a particular kind of active cell, denoted as a stem cell. For the record, the Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology defines a stem cell as a cell, capable of both indefinite proliferation and differentiation into specialized cells, that serves as a continuous source of new cells for such tissues as blood and testes. Cancer biologist Robert Weinberg of the Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and discoverer of the first human oncogene, is quoted in the article as follows. Within a tumor mass, there is only a small population of cells that can spawn more tumor other cells in the tumor cannot. ... 

The environment includes the society, nature, technology, economy, as well as norms and values, among which the society has the greatest influence on the other elements of the environment It affects the ecological understanding (nature), influences the development of technologies, defines the economic framework, and represents specific norms and values (Riiegg-Stiirm 2005). 

Self-healing networks ZigBee-based systems are inherently known to keep up with self-healing nefwork fechnology, while Bluetooth does not have this technology defined in ifs description. 

The role of the chemical reactor is crucial for the industrial conversion of raw materials into products and numerous factors must be considered when selecting an appropriate and efficient chemical reactor. Chemical Reaction Engineering and Reactor Technology defines the qualitative aspects that affect the selection of an industrial chemical reactor and couples various reactor models to case-specific kinetic expressions for chemical processes. 

Engineers work with technologies, they create them, they operate them, and in many ways such technologies define engineering. But how do engineers relate to the technologies that define their trade, occupation, or profession How do they perceive, understand and envision the possibilities that their skills and competences equip them with when confronted with yet another technological project. 

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