Tauber

Levy, O.L.. Martinowilz, U., Oran, A., Tauber, C. and Horoszowski, H., The use of fibrin tissue adhesive to reduce blood loss and the need for blood transfusion after total knee arthroplasty a prospective, randomized, mullicenter study. J. Bone Joint Surg.. 81A. 1580 (1999). 

Diaminobiphenyl (former name benzidine) can be easily bisdiazotized, but is not cleanly monodiazotized by reaction with one equivalent of a nitrosating agent. However, 4-aminobiphenyl-4,-diazonium ions are formed in a triazene equilibration of a 1 1 mixture of 4,4 -diaminobiphenyl with biphenyl-4,4 -bisdiazonium salts in aqueous HC1 (Tauber, 1894 see also Sec. 13.4). Methods for mono- and bisdiazotiza-tion of 1,4-diaminobenzene (/ -phenylenediamine) have been described by Saunders and Allen (1985, p. 29 see also Sec. 2.2). 

Schoeninger, M.J., DeNiro, M.J. and Tauber, H. 1983 Stable nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen reflect marine and terrestrial components of prehistoric human diet. Science 220 1381-1383. 

A number of biotransformations have been accomplished by rhodococci, including, for example, the hydrolysis of nitriles including polyacronitriles (Tauber et al. 2000), and the reduction of the conjugated C=C double bond in 2-nitro-l-phenylprop-l-ene (Sakai et al. 1985). 

Tauber MM, A Cavaco-Paulo, K-H Robra, GM Gubitz (2000) Nitrile hydratase and amidase from Rhodococ-cus rhodochrous hydrolyze acrylic fibers and granular polyacrylonitrile. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 1634-1638. 

There are two pathways for the degradation of nitriles (a) direct formation of carboxylic acids by the activity of a nitrilase, for example, in Bacillus sp. strain OxB-1 and P. syringae B728a (b) hydration to amides followed by hydrolysis, for example, in P. chlororaphis (Oinuma et al. 2003). The monomer acrylonitrile occurs in wastewater from the production of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and is hydrolyzed by bacteria to acrylate by the combined activity of a nitrilase (hydratase) and an amidase. Acrylate is then degraded by hydration to either lactate or P-hydroxypropionate. The nitrilase or amidase is also capable of hydrolyzing the nitrile group in a number of other nitriles (Robertson et al. 2004) including PAN (Tauber et al. 2000). 

Rehorek A, Tauber M, Gubitz G (2004) Application of power ultrasound for azo dye degradation. Ultrason Sonochem 11 177-182... 

Tauber A, MarkG, Schuchmann H-P, Von Sonntag C (1999) Sonolysis oftert-butyl alcohol in aqueous solution. J Chem Soc, Perkin Trans 2 1129-1136... 

Tauber et al. [23] following the same method as Hart et al. but using tert-butanol as the methyl radical source, obtained a temperature of 3,600 K in 10 3 M /(77-butanol and reported, similar to Hart et al. that this temperature decreased with increasing /( / /-butanol concentration. More recently, this method was adopted by Rae et al. [24] and Ciawi et al. [25, 26] in aqueous solutions. Rae et al. examined the effect of concentration of a series of aliphatic alcohols, extrapolating a maximum temperature of about 4,600 K at zero alcohol concentration [24]. They also observed a decrease in temperature with increasing alcohol concentration, which correlated well with the alcohol surface-excess and SL measurements obtained in the same system. Ciawi et al. investigated the effects of ultrasound frequency, solution temperature and dissolved gas on bubble temperature [26],... 

A second point on which the authors in this anthology agree is that reductionism, as successful as it has been on a host of counts, is seriously inadequate. It must be supplemented with more holistic science. To understand nature in all its vicissitudes, methods from the most reductionist to the least reductionist must be used. Hence, anti-reductionists are forced, like it or not, to advocate pluralism. For example, Robert Williams concludes that We must not despise reductionism. However, it has to be put in a proper perspective . Too often reductionism and anti-reductionism are presented as if they are in diametric opposition when all that separates them is degree of emphasis. As Alfred Tauber observes, reductionism and holism cannot be defined in isolation from each other. An unsteady balance exists between the two. Holism and reductionism are inexorably coupled and cannot be defined independent of each other . As a result, like so many other contributors to this volume, he embraces a pluralistic approach . 

Elisabeth Lloyd, Tauber and Schaffner address the issue of reductionism in the practice of medicine. Tauber asserts that a fundamental demand of clinical practice is Viewing and treating the patient in his biological entirety . It is unlikely that any clinician would claim otherwise. It does no good... 

Podolsky, S. H. and Tauber, A. I. (1997), The Generation of Diversity, Clonal Selection and the Rise of Molecular Immunology, Harvard University Press, Harvard, MA, p. 508. 

Tauber, A. I. (1994), The Immune Self. Theory of Metaphor, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p. 354. 

Albert Tauber. Let us not complain here about reductionism. Rather let s do reductive studies with more sophistication, taking into account of context and complexity, which is what you have done. The philosophical issue seems to me to remain the same, if one, in fact, is going to discuss molecular biology, and stay at the level that you have. So without an alternative philosophical position, I don t see this as a criticism of reduction per se. 

Albert Tauber I think I can answer that. If one is talking about the generation of diversity, certainly the gene shuffling that goes into making an antibody of a T-cell receptor would be the same kind of process that one looks at in terms of replication of germ cells. 

Albert Tauber. I d like to give a reference that everyone knows. Sickle-cell is commonly evoked as a great reductionist victory. I treat many patients with sickle-cell anemia, and I can tell you that the genetic defect is not the disease, because the disease manifestation is highly variable. Some patients have an enormous number of pain-crises. Some patients have a lot of haemolysis that s red-cell destruction. Other patients have pulmonary hypertension. And it s obvious that the disease that we call sickle-cell anemia is an extraordinarily complex phenomenon interacting with many many different systems and many other genes. And the bottom line, from a clinical perspective, which is the phenomenon that we call sickle-cell anemia, is that the sickle-cell gene is necessary but not sufficient for the disease. 

The setting - municipal hospital emergency ward. Dr Alfred Tauber is... 

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