Tablets liquid dosage forms preparation

Both solid and liquid dosage forms may contain saccharin. Saccharin is a nonnutritive sweetening agent, which is 300 times as sweet as sucrose. In a survey of sweetener content of pediatric medications, seven out of nine chewable tablets contained saccharin (0.45-8.0 mg/tablet) and sucrose or mannitol. Seventy-four of the 150 liquid preparations investigated contained saccharin (1.25-33 mg/5 mL) [62], Saccharin is a sulfanamide derivative that should be avoided in children with sulfa allergies [54],... 

Taste acceptability is a particular issue with oral liquid dosage forms, lozenges, and chewable tablets. The problem may be overcome by the preparation of poorly soluble salts. Thus the bitterness of erythromycin and of bacitracin may be ameliorated by use of the estolate (lauryl sulfate) and zinc salts, respectively. Propoxaphene may be taste masked by forming the napsylate, the solubility of which may be further reduced and the taste improved by adding a common-ion salt such as sodium or calcium napsylate. 

Effervescent tablets (compressed effervescent powders) do not represent a solid dosage form, because they are dissolved in water immediately prior to ingestion and are, thus, actually, liquid preparations. 

Frequently, the formulation used in clinical trials is not the one that is ultimately marketed. The pharmaceutical dossier is scrutinised for these variations and to ensure that studies have been carried out to prove the bioequivalence of the two. The same applies if more than one dose strength or dosage form is to be marketed, for example, tablets for adults and liquid preparations for use in children. 

Most drugs are absorbed across the GI tract by passive diffusion, but a variety of drug physicochemical factors influence fhe exfenf of absorption. These factors include molecular weight, lipid solubility, ionization as well as disintegration and dissolution rates. In addition, drug absorption may be dependent on the dosage form selected (e.g., a liquid, a tablet that may need to be crushed, or a sustained-release product), and the particular brand selected. For timed-release preparations, the release characteristics must also be taken into consideration. 

The label should indicate if a tablet or capsule contains one, two or three adult standard dosage forms of the drug. Liquid preparations should indicate similarly if there is one, two or three adult standard dosage forms per teaspoon of the preparation. Buffered salicylate products must have at lezist 1.9 milliequiveilent of acid neutralising capacity per adult dosage unit. 

In the United States, Echinacea is marketed primarily in oral dosage forms (tablet, capsule, and liquid) as an immune stimulant used to help with the symptoms of upper respiratory infections (URIs). It has also been promoted as a general immune stimulant to help fight various other infections. Topical preparations are also available for treatment of wounds and inflammatory skin conditions. 

In the past, only tablet dosage forms of enzymatic cleaners were available. They required soaking lenses in solutions prepared from a tablet for a period of 15 minutes to more than 2 hours before disinfecting the lenses. Although this process provided sufficient time for cleaning, it was a cumbersome process and required multiple steps. A complicated or cumbersome process inevitably leads to poor user compliance. Enzymes in aqueous liquid compositions are inherently unstable. New technological advances have led to the stabilization of enzymes in liquid vehicles, which are compatible with soft and RGP contact lenses (393). The newer products are either in a tablet or a solution product form. Simultaneous cleaning and disinfection can be achieved, which reduces care time and the need for multiple steps (394). 

A less frequent but nonetheless interesting problem arises in the chemical modification of liquid, or low-melting, active principles in solid prodrugs, suitable for tablet or capsule preparation. Indeed solid dosage forms are still the most widely used for the administration of medicines, as well for patient acceptability and convenience for product stability and ease of manufacture. Their preparation implies that the active principle can itself be handled as a stable solid, an objective that is usually attained by one of the following strategies formation of a salt or a molecular complex, formation of a crystalline covalent derivative, introduction of symmetry. 

Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and cola drinks, which includes both diet cola drinks (unless specified that it is caffeine-free) and regular cola drinks. It is also present in related plant products like the cola (kola nut (ref.l), and guarana (ref.2). Concentrated dosages are available in liquid, tablet, and suppository form and in certain medications/herbal preparations. 

Cascara sagrada is available in tablets, capsules, liquids (fluid extracts), and syrups. Fluid extracts are more reliable than the solid dosage forms. Aromatic cascara fluid extract is less bitter and less active than cascara sagrada fluid extract because of the use of magnesium oxide in its preparation (Curry, 1986). Cascara tea is available, but has an extremely bitter taste (Tyler, 1994). 

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