T cells sensitization

The demyelination occurring in these conditions is likely to be mediated at least in part by immune mechanisms since T cells sensitized to MBP are detected in many of these patients. 

Nakae S, Komiyama Y. Nambu A. Sudo K. Iwase M, Homma I. Sekikawa K, Asano M, Iwakura Y Antigen-specific T cell sensitization is impaired in IL-17-deflcient mice, causing suppression of allergic cellular and humoral responses. Immunity 2002 17 375-387. 

Two processes are suggested to be of importance in the induction of T cell sensitization by chemicals (i) the formation of neoantigens (i.e., cryptic epitopes or hapten-carrier conjugates) (ii) the stimulation of innate immune processes (i.e., adjuvant activity or induction of danger signals reviewed by Uetrecht [64]). The... 

Based on the kno vledge of the processes of T cell sensitization by chemicals and the importance of T cells in induction of autoimmune diseases a number of key indicators of autoimmunogenic compounds can be defined. These include the possibility to be subject of metabolic conversion (either intra- or extra-hepatically), the capacity to activate dendritic cells, to induce cytokine production (in any cell type), or the potency to cause cell stress or cell death. Most of these processes can be studied in vitro, but none of the available methods have been tested for this purpose and often chemicals may behave completely different in vitro than in vivo. However, much can be learned from initiatives to design alternative methods for contact allergens, as many of these basic processes that lead to T cell sensitization are similar for allergenic and autoimmunogenic chemicals. 

Activation of innate or acquired immunity Chemical interactions with biological systems or biomolecules T cell sensitization Clinical outcomes/relevant route of exposure models... 

Twenty patients with a prior history of generalized and/ or local skin reactions after local anesthetics were examined with intradermal testing and patch testing in 10 of them a lymphocyte transformation test was performed to investigate whether they had T cell sensitization to local anesthetics, which might have been responsible for their symptoms (36). Only two had a positive intradermal test, whereas six had a positive patch test and six had a positive lymphocyte transformation test, suggesting that allergic skin symptoms could be mediated by T cells in some patients who do not have evidence of an IgE-mediated reaction. 

Perry, L. L., Barzaga-Gilbert, E., and Trotter, J. L., T cell sensitization to proteolipid protein in myelin basic protein inducing relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol., 33, 7, 1991. 

Griem P, Panthel K, Kalbacher H, Gleichmann E (1996) Alteration of a model antigen by Au(lll) leads to T cell sensitization to cryptic peptides. Eur J Immunol, 26(2) 279-287. 

Chen Z, Lopez-Ramos DA, Yoshihara E, Maeda Y, Masutani H, Sugie K, Maeda M, Yodoi J. 2011. Thioredoxin-binding protein-2 (TBP-2A DUP1/TXNIP) regulates T-cell sensitivity to glucocorticoid during HTLV-I-induced transformation. Leukemia 25 440-448. 

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