T-cells polarization

PAMPs and various tissue factors can prime DCs to produce T-cell-polarizing factors [21], IL-12 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that induces IFN-y and promotes the development of Thl-cell differentiation [31], Other Thl-polarizing factors are IFN-a and IFN-(3 [32] and cell-surface expressed intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-l [33]. On the other hand, it has been shown that NF-kB inducing kinase (NIK), which is known to regulate B-cell maturation and lymphoid organogenesis, is important for the induction of Thl7 cells [34],... 

Janeway CA Jr, Medzhitov R Innate immune recognition. Armu Rev Immunol 2002 20 197-216. Kapsenberg ML Dendritic-cell control of pathogen-driven T-cell polarization. Nat Rev Immunol 2003 3 984-993. 

Kim CH, Rott L, Kunkel EJ, et al. Rules of chemokine receptor association with T cell polarization in vivo. J Clin Invest 2001 108 1331-1339. 

Mazzoni A, Young HA, Spitzer JH, Visintin A, Segal DM Histamine regulates cytokine production in maturing dendritic cells, resulting in altered T cell polarization. J Clin Invest 2001 108 1865-1873. 

Kapsenberg ML Dendritic-cell control of pathogen-driven T-cell polarization. Nat Rev Immunol 2003 3 984-993. 

Macrophages/DCs and lymphocytes express a variety of adrenergic receptors. Increased concenh ations of NE or dopamine can modulate T cells polarization toward Th2 profile, stimulate IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 secretion (Kohm and Sanders, 2001). The same Th2 polarization can be induced by histamine, serotonin, neuropeptides such as substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and leptin (Steinman, 2004). 

Gerard, A., Mertens, A.E., van der Kammen, R.A., and Collard, J.G. (2007) The Par polarity complex regulates Rapl-and chemokine-induced T cell polarization. The Journal of Cell Biology, 176, 863-875. 

The significance of chemokines and their receptors in infectious diseases, which was initially guessed at because of their ability to induce leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro, is now firmly established. Several recent studies have shown that chemokines and their receptors play a major role not only in mediation of leukocyte trafficking to sites of antigen entry but also in T-cell polarization, and they also act as cell-entry factors for major pathogens like... 

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