Systems of three components

Two other properties of this diagram are important. The first is illustrated in Fig. 15.22(a). If two systems with compositions represented by P and Q are mixed together, the composition of the mixture obtained will be represented by a point x somewhere on the 

---

Recently Gadamer s view > has been widely accepted. He postulates for these compounds a tautomeric system of three components, in which the quaternary ammonium hydroxide, the pseudo base (or... 

Ic. Ternary Systems Consisting of a Single Polymer Component in a Binary SolventMixture.—Three conditions must be satisfied for equilibrium between two liquid phases in a system of three components. In place of the conditions (1) we have... 

Once a quantity of a third substance (solute) is added to a system of two immiscible liquids, it will distribute or divide between the layers in definite proportions. Applying the phase rule to such a system reveals that we have a system of three components (C) and two phases (P). Thus, the system has three degrees of freedom (F), that is, pressure, temperature, and concentration. 

The study of the enamine structure may be associated, to a certain degree, with the problem of the so-called pseudobases an instructive, but somewhat specialized, review of these compounds was contributed by the late Professor Beke 47 to the first volume of this series. The name pseudobases was given by Hantzsch,48 towards the end of the last century, to those a-aminocarbinols which undergo a structural change during salt formation and yield salts with the loss of one molecule of water. The liberation of pseudobases from their salts is accompanied by rehydration. This behavior has been observed with a,/3-unsaturated heterocyclic compounds and, to a certain degree, with aromatic heterocyclic pyridine derivatives. As formulated by Gadamer,49 the pseudobases represent a potential tautomeric system of three components, the quaternary hydroxide A, the carbinolamine B, and the open-chain amino-carbonyl derivative C, in which all three components exist in a mobile equilibrium ... 

In this section, we shall derive only the equations for the system of three components, A, B and S, where S is very dilute in the mixture of A and B, i.e., we examine the limit of ps — 0. This case is important in the study of solvation phenomena (chapter 7). 

The second view is to admit the occurrence of dissociation into fragments (4.118) and to treat the system as a three-component system. Again, all the results of section 4.3 apply here. Specifically the matrix B, for the system of three components, W, A and B, is... 

Vapour Pressure. Quintuple Point.—In the case of Glauber s salt, we saw that at a certain temperature the vapour pressure curve of the hydrated salt cuts that of the saturated solution of anhydrous sodium sulphate. That point, it will be remembered, is a quadruple point at which the four phases sodium sulphate decahydrate, anhydrous sodium sulphate, solution, and vapour, can coexist and is also the point of intersection of the curves for four univariant systems. In the case of the formation of double salts, similar relationships are met with and also certain differences, due to the fact that we are now dealing with systems of three components. Two cases will be chosen here for brief description, one in which formation, the other in which decomposition of the double salt occurs with rise of temperature. 

Ferric Chloride—Hydrogen Chloride—Water.—In the case of another system of three components which we shall now describe, the relationships are considerably more complicated than in those already discussed. They deserve discussion, however, on account of the fact that they exhibit a number of new phenomena. 

Indirect Determination of the Composition of the Solid Phase.—It has already been shown (p. iii) how the composition of the solid phase in a system of two components can be determined without analysis, and we shall now describe how this can be done in a system of three components. ... 

What is evident, however, is that at least two columns are needed to perform a separation of an ideal system of three components even more would be needed for azeotropic systems. This now gives rise to some important questions which a designer should be asking ... 

A practical limitation of this method is imposed by its graphical nature. Thus, this method has been only applied to systems of three components at the most undergoing a single reaction. Extending this method to systems with ric > 3 might not be feasible due to the physical limitation of plotting the full-component composition space. 

For composites, the free energy change of the system of three components, epoxy, HBP and fibre, can be described as ... 

A system of three components and three phases has two degrees of freedom at fixed values of T and p, each phase must have a fixed composition. The fixed compositions of the phases that are present when the system point falls in the three-phase area are the... 

Because it is difficult to represent a system of three components on a rectangular diagram, a triangular diagram frequently is used. In Figure 11-2, A and B are the two solvents, and C is the solute. A feature of the triangular diagram is that at any point the summation of the concentrations of components A, B, and C always is 100%. 

---