Systemic drug, adverse reaction

Griffin JP, Weber JCP Voluntary systems of adverse reaction reporting. Part I. Adv Drug React Ac Pois Rev 1985 4 213-30. 

Upon systemic distribution, many drugs evoke skin reactions that are caused on an immunological basis. Moreover, cutaneous injury can also arise from nonimmunological mechanisms. Cutaneous side effects vary in severity from harmless to lethal. Cutaneous reactions are a common form of drug adverse reaction. Nearly half of them are attributed to antibiotics or sulfonamides, and one-third to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, with many other pharmaceuticals joining the list... 

Antiviral drugs are given systemically or as topical dragp. When used systemically these dm may be administered orally or intravenously (IV). Rapid IV administration can result in crystalluria (presence of crystals in the urine). The most common adverse reactions when these drugp are administered systemically... 

Discuss the uses, general drug actions, general adverse reactions, contraindications, precautions, and interactions of the central nervous system stimulants. 

The nitrates are available in various forms (eg, sublingual, transmucosal, translingual spray, and inhalation). Some adverse reactions are a result of the metiiod of administration. For example, sublingual nitroglycerin may cause a local burning or tingling in the oral cavity. However, die patient must be aware that an absence of this effect does not indicate a decrease in the drug s potency. Contact dermatitis may occur from use of die transdermal delivery system. 

D Diarrhea related to adverse reactions ot magnesium- or sodium-containing antadds or other digestive system drugs... 

The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is a national vaccine safety surveillance program co-sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). VAERS collects and analyzes information from reports of adverse reactions after immunization. Anyone can report to VAERS, and reports are sent in by vaccine manufacturers, health care providers, and vaccine recipients and their parents or guardians. An example of the VAERS and instructions for completing the form are found in Appendix F. Any clinically significant adverse event that occurs after the administration of any vaccine should be reported. Individuals are encouraged to provide the information on the form even if the individual is uncertain if the event was related to the... 

When otic drugs are applied topically, the amount of drug that enters die systemic circulation is not sufficient to produce adverse reactions. Prolonged use of otic... 

The incidence of adverse reactions associated with the ophthalmic drags is usually small. Because small amounts of the ophthalmic preparation may be absorbed systemically, some of the adverse effects associated with systemic administration of the particular drug may be observed. Some ophthalmic preparations produce momentary stinging or burning on instillation. 

The first pertussis whole cell vaccine was a mixture of killed organisms that was associated with frequent local and systemic reactions. In the late 1980s, an acellular pertussis vaccine was introduced that contains purified pertussis components that are immunogenic but associated with fewer adverse reactions. Acellular pertussis vaccine is available in combination with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids. Pertussis is not available as a separate vaccine component. In the spring of 2005, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccines for use in adolescents and adults. 

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 156-158.) A wide variety of clinical conditions are treated with antimuscarinic drugs. Dicyclomine hydrochloride and methscopolamine bromide are used to reduce Gl motility, although side effects—dryness of the mouth, loss of visual accommodation, and difficulty in urination—may limit their acceptance by patients. Cyclopentolate hydrochloride is used in ophthalmology for its mydriatic and cycloplegic properties during refraction of the eye. Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride is one of the important antimuscarinic compounds used in the treatment of parkinsonism. For bronchodilation in patients with bronchial asthma and other bronchospastic diseases, ipratropium bromide is used by inhalation. Systemic adverse reactions are low because the actions are largely confined to the mouth and airways. 

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