System volume

A recent design of the maximum bubble pressure instrument for measurement of dynamic surface tension allows resolution in the millisecond time frame [119, 120]. This was accomplished by increasing the system volume relative to that of the bubble and by using electric and acoustic sensors to track the bubble formation frequency. Miller and co-workers also assessed the hydrodynamic effects arising at short bubble formation times with experiments on very viscous liquids [121]. They proposed a correction procedure to improve reliability at short times. This technique is applicable to the study of surfactant and polymer adsorption from solution [101, 120]. 

G(/) is also called the pair correlation fiinction and is sometimes denoted by h(/). Integration over /and / tln-ough the domain of system volume gives, on the one hand. 

Sclieraga H A 1993. Searching Conformational Space. In van Gunsteren W F, P K Weiner and. Wilkinson (Editors) Computer Simulation of Biomolecular Systems Volume 2. Leiden, ESCOM. 

For a eanonieal ensemble, in whieh the number of moleeules, the temperature, and the system volume are speeified, pi takes the form ... 

Population density (n) has dimensions number/(volume)(length) it is a key quantity in the discussion of CSD, a function of the characteristic crystal dimension E, and it is defined so that it is independent of the magnitude of the system. When a total population density is used, the symbol is n and the units are number/length. Population density is defined by letting AiVbe the number of crystals per unit system volume in a size range from E to L + AL, so that... 

The arbitrary system volume on which n is based must be defined before the population density function has meaning. For example, the volume may be that of the slurry or the clear Hquor in the system. 

A mass (weight) density function, given the symbol m and having dimensions mass/(volume)(length), can be defined analogously to population density letting AM be the mass of crystals per unit system volume in the size range E to L + AL,... 

This quantity, which is often referred to as magma density or soHds concentration (mass of crystals per unit system volume), is often an important process variable. A cumulative mass fraction of crystals having a size less than U can also be defined as... 

It can be demonstrated that the total number of crystals, the total length, the total area, and the total volume of crystals, all in a unit of system volume, can be evaluated from the zero, first, second, and third moments of the population density function. 

The amount of inerts which has to be removed by a pumping system after the pump-down stage depends on the in-leakage of air at the various fittings, connections, and so on. Air leakage is often correlated with system volume and pressure, but this approach introduces uncer-... 

Fig. 5.2. Changes that take place when an automobile moves in a thermally insulated environment at constant temperature Tq and pressure pt). The environment is token to be large enough that the change in system volume V2 - V, does not increase p, and the flow of heat Q across the system boundary does not affect Tq.

Consider a first order, exothermic reaction (aA —> products) in a CFSTR having a constant supply of new reagents, and maintained at a steady state temperature T that is uniform throughout the system volume. Assuming perfect mixing and no density change, the material balance equation based on reactants is expressed as uC g = +... 

From the definition v = (l/V)(d /dt) find the rate of reaction in terms of molar concentration for the case in which the system volume V is not constant (Reference 44). 

Stationary or moveable inlet vanes, if used, attach to the inlet beU. These are also dieformed for uniformity and are welded in place for the stationary type and attached to a spider that is attached to the beU for the movable type. Figures 12-127A-B. The discharge damper. Figure 12-127C, is used for system volume and pressure control and is discussed later in regard to comparative performance with inlet vanes. 

Figure 13-17. Series type acoustical filter system (volumes V, and Vj may be separate vessels or one drum).

Mitchell, M., P.T.IIrabor and J.P.Crutchfield, Revisiting the edge of chaos evolving cellular automata to perform computations, Complex Systems, Volume 7, 1993, 89-130. 

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