Syntrophic

Wallrabenstein C, E Hauschild, B Schink (1995) Syntrophobacter pfennigii sp. nov., new syntrophically propionate-oxidizing anaerobe growing in pure culture with propionate and sulfate. Arch Microbiol 164 346-352. 

Stable metabolic associations generally between pairs of anaerobic bacteria have been termed syntrophs, and these are effective in degrading a number of aliphatic carboxylic acids or benzoate under anaerobic conditions. These reactions have been discussed in reviews (Schink 1991, 1997 Lowe et al. 1993) that provide lucid accounts of the role of syntrophs in the degradation of complex organic matter. Two examples are given here to illustrate the experimental intricacy of the problems besetting the study of syntrophic metabolism under anaerobic conditions ... 

Lidstrom-O Connor ME, GL Fulton, AE Wopat (1983) Methylobacterium ethanolicum a syntrophic association of two methylotrophic bacteria. J Gen Microbiol 129 3139-3148. 

Mclnerney Ml, MP Bryant, RB Hespell, JW Costerton (1981) Syntrophomonas wolfei gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, syntrophic, fatty acid-oxidizing bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 41 1029-1039. 

Plugge CM, C Dijkema, AIM Stams (1993) Acetyl-CoA cleavage patyhways in a syntrophic propionate oxidizing bacterium growing on fumarate in the absence of methanogens. EEMS Microbiol Lett 110 71-76. 

Schink B (1991) Syntrophism among prokaryotes. In The Prokaryotes (Eds A Balows, HG Triiper, M Dwor-kin, W Harder, K-H Schleifer), pp. 276-299. Springer, Heidelberg. 

Schink B (1997) Energetics of syntrophic cooperation in methanogenic degradation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61 262-280. 

Stieb M, B Schink (1985) Anaerobic oxidation of fatty acids by Clostridium bryantii sp. nov., a sporeforming, obligately syntrophic bacterium. Arch Microbiol 140 387-390. 

The procedure is particularly suited to the study of anaerobic transformations since there are no problems resulting from problems with oxygen limitation. A good example is provided by the application of C NMR to the intricate relations of fumarate, succinate, propionate, and acetate in a syntrophic organism both in the presence (Houwen et al. 1991), and in the absence of methanogens (Plugge et al. 1993 Stams et al. 1993). 

Stams AIM, JB van Dijk, C Dijkema, CM Plugge (1993) Growth of syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacteria with fumarate in the absence of methanogenic bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 1114-1119. 

The pathways and mechanism of interspecies transfer have been examined in syntrophic propionate-oxidizing organisms. 

In summary, the anaerobic degradation of alkanoic acids may truly be described as ubiquitous and is carried out by organisms with widely different taxonomic affinity both in pure culture and in syntrophic associations. 

Kosaka T et al. (2006) Reconstruction and regulation of the central catabolic pathway in the thermophilic propionate-oxidizing syntroph Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum. J Bacterial 188 202-210. 

Lueders T, B Pommerenke, MW Friedrich (2004) Stable-isotope probing of microorganisms thriving at thermodynamic limits syntrophic propionate oxidation in flooded soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 5778-5786. 

Phenol is carboxylated by a defined obligate syntrophic consortinm to benzoate, which is then degraded to acetate, methane, and CO2 (Knoll and Winter 1989). 

Feigel BJ, Knackmuss H-J (1993) Syntrophic interactions during degradation of 4-aminoben-zenesulfonic acid by a two species bacterial culture. Arch Microbiol 159 124—130... 

Jin, Q., 2007, Control of hydrogen partial pressures on the rates of syntrophic microbial metabolisms a kinetic model for butyrate fermentation. Geobiology 5, 35-48. 

Moreira D, Lopez-Garcla P. 1998. Symbiosis between methanogenic archaea and deita-proteobacteria as the origin of eukaryotes The syntrophic hypothesis. J Mol Evoi 47 517-30. 

Galushko AS, Schink B. 2000. Oxidation of acetate through reaction of the citric acid cycle by Geobacter sulfurreducens in pure culture and in syntrophic coculture. Arch Microbiol 174 314-21. 

The critical point in this syntrophic cooperation is that the reaction that Strain S is catalyzing (Eq. 1) is only exergonic (negative ArG) if the H2 partial pressure (or the corresponding H2 concentration) in the aqueous phase is low enough. Hence, strain M.o.H. has to remove hydrogen efficiently from the solution. 

---