Synthetic polymers regeneration

Artificial fibre products are made from two types of materials, organic and inorganic. Synthetic fibres can be produced using true synthetic polymers, regenerated materials and modified natural ones. Dry spinning, wet spinning and melt spinning... 

Regenerated cellulose foil has been extensively and successfully used as a wrapping material, particularly in the food and tobacco industries. Like other cellulose materials it is now having to face the challenge of the completely synthetic polymers. Although the foil has been able to compete in the past, the... 

While much of the current and near past research has emphasized modification of synthetic polymers, Increasing efforts will undoubtedly focus on the modification of regenerable polymers and the blending of natural polymers and natural polymers with synthetic polymers through block, graft, etc. approaches. 

The use of synthetic polymers in medicine and biotechnology is a subject of wide interest. Polymers are used in replacement blood vessels, heart valves, blood pumps, dialysis membranes, intraocular lenses, tissue regeneration platforms, surgical sutures, and in a variety of targeted, controlled drug delivery devices. Poly(organosiloxanes) have been used for many years as inert prostheses and heart valves. Biomedical materials based on polyphosphazenes are being considered for nearly all the uses mentioned above. 

Unlike synthetic fibers, which are spun from synthetic or regenerated polymers in factories, cotton fiber is a natural agricultural product. The United States and some other countries use the newest and latest tested technology to produce the cotton crop [8,9]. Cotton... 

In contrast to the polymeric products derived from fossil fuels, the production of synthetic polymers from biomass—the rayons and cellulose acetates—is quite small despite the fact that cellulose is one of the world s most abundant raw materials. The rayons are any of a variety of regenerated celluloses manufactured via intermediates such as alkali salts and cellulose xanthates. The process... 

Many important fibers, including cotton and wool, are naturally occurring polymers. The first commercially successful synthetic polymers were made not by polymerization reactions but through the chemical regeneration of the natural polymer cellulose, a condensation polymer of the sugar glucose that is made by plants ... 

Fig. 6 Functionalization of polymer fibers for nerve regeneration, (a) Functionalization with adsorption or covalent binding of ECM molecules to electrospun polymer fibers [169]. (b) Functionalization by blending of ECM molecules with synthetic polymers before electrospinning [93]. (c) Functionalization by chemical bulk modification of the electrospinnuig solution [158]...

Chemical polymerization onto sulfonated (dopant-containing) synthetic polymers has also been described.45 Sulfonated polyethylene-polystyrene was exposed to monomer and then the oxidant. A mixture of Fe11 and Fem led to more accurate control of the E° value of solution. These same workers also described a novel chem-ical/electrochemical method, in which pyrrole was initially polymerized using a low concentration of Fe111. The reduced Fem could then be reoxidized electrochemically to regenerate the oxidant. Using this chemical/electrochemical process, composite polymers with conductivities as high at 35 S cm-1 were obtained. 

Synthetic fibres, manufactured fibres can be divided into those derived from natural polymers (such as regenerated protein fibres rayon, cellulose acetates, or alginates) and those derived from synthetic polymers including nylons, polyesters, acrylics, and polyolefins. 

The cellulose based materials that are used as nano-reinforcements are cellulose nanocrystals (i.e. whiskers and nanospheres), nanofibrillated cellulose, regenerated cellulose nanoparticles and electrospun nanofibers. A wide range of polymer matrices have been used to form cellulose nanocomposites. Synthetic polymers such as polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) [102], waterborne epoxy [103], waterborne polyurethane [104], polyurethane [105], poly-(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) [106], poly(oxyethylene) [107], polysiloxanes [108], polysulfonates [109], cellulose acetate butyrate [110,111], poly(caprolactone) [112], poly(viny 1 alcohol) [113] and poly (vinyl acetate) [114]. Different biopolymers such as starch-based... 

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