Synthetic orthopedic applications

It has exceptionally good optical properties its transparency has made it a popular substitute for glass in apphcations where breakage must be avoided (plexiglass). It has a variety of industrial uses including automotive parts and glazings. PMMA was the first implanted synthetic polymeric biomaterial it was used as a hip prosthesis in 1947 (see USP XVIII, The Pharmacopia of the USA, (18th Revision), US Pharmacopoeia Convention, Inc., Rockville, MD, 1 September 1980). PMMA is currently used in orthopedic applications, as bone cement, and in intraocular lenses. 

Due to their tunable degradability, biocompatibility, processibility, and versatility, polymeric biocomposites are principal materials investigated for the development of synthetic bone scaffolds, cements, and composites (Porter et al., 2009). As previously defined, a polymeric biocomposite is composed of two or more bulk biomaterials (at least one a polymer) of different phases intended for use in the body. There are an unfathomable number of biocomposites that fit this broad criterion. Classic polymeric biocomposites for orthopedic applications are composed of a solid, synthetic ceramic phase that is osteoconductive or -inductive (Sepulveda et al., 2002) and a biocompatible polymer that was at one stage a liquid. 

Biomaterials are synthetic and naturally occurring materials that are foreign to the body but are used to replace a diseased organ or tissue or augment or assist a partially functioning organ or tissue. Cardiovascular, orthopedic, and dental applications are some of the most common areas in which biomaterials are employed. 

Polychloroprene is a family of synthetic mbbers, exhibits good chemical stability, and maintains flexibility over a wide temperature range. It is used in a wide variety of applications, such as laptop sleeves, orthopedic braces, electrical insulation, liquid and sheet applied elastomeric membranes or flashings, and automotive fan belts, and others. Subramaniam et al. studied the thermal degradation of polychloroprene mbber composites based on unmodified and ionic liquid modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. They found that the polychloroprene mbber and its composite exhibit three and four... 

Predominantly rhodium, palladium, iridium, and platinum are used in technical applications. Pure metals and alloys serve as corrosion-resistant materials for melting tubes, laboratory instruments, and spinning jets in synthetic fiber production. Other applications include uses as catalysts in chemical synthesis, in car mufflers, and in the electrotechnical industry. They also find use as alloys in dentistry and orthopedics. These quantities are recycled and serve as a secondary source of PGM. 

Synthetic biodegradable polymers have attracted much interest for short-term medical applications like sutures, dmg delivery devices, orthopedic hxaticni devices, wound dressings, temporary vascular grafts, stents, different types of tissue... 

The PCL is used mainly in surface coatings, adhesives and synthetic leather, and fabrics. It also serves to make stiffeners for shoes and orthopedic splints, fully biodegradable compostable bags, sutures, and fibers. Recent studies show that it has many biomedical applications too. 

---