Synthesis Using Extracts from Biological Tissues

Synthesis Using Extracts from Biological Tissues 

In the case of lemongrass extracts, aqueous solutions of tetrachloroaurate were reacted with the plant extract, which resulted in the formation of colloidal gold solutions [71]. The formation of gold nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-visible data, which showed the presence of plasmon resonance at approximately 530 nm in the reaction solutions. A TEM analysis revealed the nanoparticles to be nano- 

TEM and XRD was used to characterize the nanoparticle synthesized [69], The plasmon resonance for silver nanoparticles was shown to be present in the UV-visible spectra of the sample and increased with increasing time. In addition, the XRD data showed the 111, 200, 220 and 311 planes for fee silver, which were broadened and indicated the presence of nanoparticles formed by the leaf broth. Finally, TEM analysis showed the silver nanoparticles to be polydispersed from 16 nm to 40 nm, with an average size of 27 nm [69]. 

Silver nanopartides have also been synthesized using Capsicum annuum L. (Cayenne pepper) plant extracts [76]. The plasmon resonance at 440 nm was followed (using UV-visible spectrometry) from 0 to 15 h, and showed an increasing intensity as time passed and the concentration of silver was augmented. However, 

XRD showed rather clean and sharp diffraction peaks in the synthesized nanoparticles corresponding to the 111, 200, 220, 311 and 222 lattice planes of fee silver. 

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Synthesis Using Extracts from Biological Tissues... 

The GM2 ganglioside (14) is an example of a carbohydrate antigen, specific for melanoma, sarcoma and kidney carcinoma. It could suit the purpose of an immuno therapy with monoclonal antibodies. In previous examinations the used GM2 was extracted from human and animal tissues. In this, one ran the risk of biological contamination of the GM2, which could influence the results of an examination. For this reason R. R. Schmidt et al. developed a total synthesis of the GM2 ganglioside to sustain sufficient substance for further immunological examinations without faking artifacts. ... 

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