Synthesis cost-effective

Synthetic polymers have become extremely important as materials over the past 50 years and have replaced other materials because they possess high strength-to-weight ratios, easy processabiUty, and other desirable features. Used in appHcations previously dominated by metals, ceramics, and natural fibers, polymers make up much of the sales in the automotive, durables, and clothing markets. In these appHcations, polymers possess desired attributes, often at a much lower cost than the materials they replace. The emphasis in research has shifted from developing new synthetic macromolecules toward preparation of cost-effective multicomponent systems (ie, copolymers, polymer blends, and composites) rather than preparation of new and frequendy more expensive homopolymers. These multicomponent systems can be "tuned" to achieve the desired properties (within limits, of course) much easier than through the total synthesis of new macromolecules. 

These smaU molecules are ideal for penetrating dense fibers such as polyester, and are therefore used as disperse dyes for polyester. AU the important dyes are yeUow in (75) X = H is Cl Disperse YeUow 14 [961-68-2], X = OH is Cl Disperse YeUow 1 [119-15-3], and X = NH2 is Cl Disperse YeUow 9 [6373-73-5]. Although the dyes are not terribly strong (e ax 20,000), they are cost-effective because of their easy synthesis from inexpensive intermediates. Cl Disperse YeUow 42 [5124-25-4] and Cl Disperse YeUow 86 are important lightfast dyes for automotive-grade polyester. 

As can be inferred from the problem statement, for a given waste-reduction situation the MEN synthesis task attempts to provide cost-effective solutions to the following design questions ... 

El-Halwagi, M. M. (1993). A process synthesis approach to the dilemma of simultaneous heat recovery, waste reduction and cost effectiveness. In Proceedings of the Third Cairo International Conference on Renewable Energy Sources ( A. I. El-Sharkawy and R. H. Kummler, eds.), Vol. 2, pp. 579-594. ... 

The CHARMEN synthesis problem can be stated as follows Given a number Nr of waste (rich) streams and a number Ns of lean streams (frtiysical and reactive MSAs), it is desired to synthesize a cost-effective network of physical and/or reactive mass exchangers which can preferentially transfer certain undesirable species from the waste streams to the MSAs. Given also are the flowrate of each waste stream, G,, its supply (inlet) composition, yf, and target (outlet) composition, y/, and the supply and target compositions, Xj and jc for each MSA. In addition, available for service are hot and cold streams (process streams as weU as utilities) that can be used to optimize the mass-exchange temperatures. 

TV and text courses on materials synthesis and related topics are available. The use of such offers by far the most cost-effective way to give faculty the wherewithal to teach new topics. 

In considering an appropriate starting material for the synthesis of taranabant the commercial availability of a number of 3-substituted benzonitriles was evaluated, however, with the exception of the previously employed 3-bromobenzonitrile, cost effective options from recognized large-scale suppliers were limited (Figure 9.2). 

Most of the hydrogen for synthesis of ammonia is derived from oil or natural gas however, a number of cost-effective coal gasification installations have been commissioned in Asia, North America, and Eastern Europe where oil or natural gas is not available and where coal is abundant. 

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