Synthesis by design

SOLID-STATE REACTIVITY AND CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS BY DESIGN... 

The ability of resorcinol to function as a linear template to organize reactants in the solid state for [2 + 2] photoreaction also led to a molecular solid-state synthesis by design.Specifically, cocrystallization of lA-bis[2-(4-pyridyl)ethenyl]benzene (1.4-bpeb) with 5-methoxy-resorcinol (5-OMe-res) yielded a four-component assembly. 2(5-OMe-res) 2(1,4-bpeb), wherein four olefins, as two reaction centers, conformed to the topochemical principle. UV irradiation of the solid produced, regio- and stereoselectively. a targeted [2.2]paracyclophane (yield 60%) (Fig. 4c). 

In conclusion, the few examples provided above show that powder perovskite-type oxides prepared by USS demonstrate in general enhanced structural properties compared to more conventional synthesis methods. However, a rational synthesis by design is desirable that should be based on a systematic research of the effect of synthesis parameters on structural and morphological properties of the product... 

By-product power does not give enough power to match the demand for many processes such as ammonia synthesis, and designs have historically incorporated condensing turbines for incremental power with heat rejection to cooling water. A more effective response is use of the gas turbine combined cycle shown by Figures 5c and 6c. 

There are two main processes for the synthesis of ethyl alcohol from ethylene. The eadiest to be developed (in 1930 by Union Carbide Corp.) was the indirect hydration process, variously called the strong sulfuric acid—ethylene process, the ethyl sulfate process, the esterification—hydrolysis process, or the sulfation—hydrolysis process. This process is stiU in use in Russia. The other synthesis process, designed to eliminate the use of sulfuric acid and which, since the early 1970s, has completely supplanted the old sulfuric acid process in the United States, is the direct hydration process. This process, the catalytic vapor-phase hydration of ethylene, is now practiced by only three U.S. companies Union Carbide Corp. (UCC), Quantum Chemical Corp., and Eastman Chemical Co. (a Division of Eastman Kodak Co.). UCC imports cmde industrial ethanol, CIE, from SADAF (the joint venture of SABIC and Pecten [Shell]) in Saudi Arabia, and refines it to industrial grade. 

Optimal design of ammonia synthesis by differential equation solution and a numerical gradient search... 

Dong, Z. 1997 Tolerance Synthesis by Manufacturing Cost Modeling and Design Optimization. In Zhang, H. (ed.). Advanced Tolerancing Techniques. NY Wiley Interscience. 

The procedure described above is what Pedersen characterized as a synthesis by method Pedersen s alphabetical designations (see Sect. 3.1) are rarely used, but... 

Advances in synthesis and research of oligomeric tetrathiafulvalenes 97MI9. Enantioselective oxidation of 1,3-dithiolanes to corresponding S-oxides and S,S-dioxides by designer yeast 99JHC1533. 

Chemists working with azo dyes use a shorthand designation based on the synthesis by azo coupling. It is characterized by an arrow from the amine used for diazotization (the so-called diazo component) to the coupling component, e. g., for 1.8 sulfanilic acid - 2-naphthol. This designation is especially useful for polyazo dyes (see Zollinger, 1991, p. 109). 

Iwata Y, Arisawa M, Hamada R, Kita Y, Mizutani MY, Tomioka N, Itai A, Miyamoto S. Discovery of novel aldose reductase inhibitors using a protein structure-based approach 3D-database search followed by design and synthesis. J Med Chem 2001 44 1718-28. 

Nonetheless, Kolbe achieved his goal of proving that vitalism was untenable by designing and executing a logical synthesis of a natural organic substance from the elements. 

Scientific Computing and Automation (Europe) Conference, 12-15 June 1990, Maastricht, The Netherlands, edited by E.J. Karjalainen Volume 7 Receptor Modeling for Air Quality Management, edited by P.K. Hopke Volume 8 Design and Optimization in Organic Synthesis, by R. Carlson... 

The syntheses of [4], [5], and [6]rotanes as well as precursors for those of [7] and [8]-rotanes have been recorded in a full paper 34. In another synthetic study of rotane synthesis employing ring enlargement of certain ketonic intermediates, led perhaps by design, perhaps with the intervention of serendipity, to compounds such as 88 35. ... 

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