Synthesis and Assembly

The synthesis of nanomaterials and assembling the nanostructures into ordered arrays to render them functional and operational are crucial aspects of nanoscience. The materials/structures include nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes. 

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John, D.C.A., Grant, M.E. and Bulleid, N.J. (1993) Cell-free synthesis and assembly of prolyl 4-hydroxylase - the role of the beta-subunit (pdi) in preventing misfolding and aggregation of the alpha-subunit. EMBOJoumal 2,1587-1595. 

Secretory vesicle biogenesis requires completion of a characteristic sequence of steps before they are competent for secretion. Secretory cells typically invest a substantial fraction of their biosynthetic capacity for generation of secretory vesicles and their secreted products. Neurons devote a particularly high fraction of their biosynthetic activity to the synthesis and assembly of secretory organelles. In secretory cells, the bulk of newly synthesized... 

Sun SFl, Anders S, Thomson T, Baglin JEE, Toney MF, Hamann HF, Murray CB, Terris BD. Controlled synthesis and assembly of FePt nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2003 107 5419-5425. 

Takeoka S, Mori K, Ohkawa H, Sou K, Tsuchida E. Synthesis and assembly of poly(ethylene glycol)-Upids with mono-, di-, and tetraacyl chains and a poly(ethylene glycol) chain of various molecular weights. J Am Chem Soc 2000 122 7927-7935. 

Sarikaya M, Aksay IA (1992) In Case S (ed) Structure, cellular synthesis, and assembly of biopolymers. Springer-Verlag, Amsterdam, p 1... 

Hanspal, M., and Palek, J. (1987). Synthesis and assembly of membrane skeletal proteins in mammalian red cell precursors./. Cell Biol. 105, 1417-1424. 

The oxidative phosphorylation system contains over 80 polypeptides. Only 13 of them are encoded by mtDNA, which is contained within mitochondria, and all the other proteins that reside in the mitochondrion are nuclear gene products. Mitochondria depend on nuclear genes for the synthesis and assembly of the enzymes for mtDNA replication, transcription, translation, and repair (Tl). The proteins involved in heme synthesis, substrate oxidation by TCA cycle, degradation of fatty acids by /i-oxidalion, part of the urea cycle, and regulation of apoptosis that occurs in mitochondria are all made by the genes in nuclear DNA. 

GH Pendew Purdue University Use tissue and cell cultures to examine the multiple mechanisms of Ah receptor regulation and seeks to determine the biochemical events from initial synthesis and assembly to translocation into the nucleus. Dr. Perdew is also examining the biochemical properties of the Ah receptor-ligand complex that affect its overall regulation. 

Mitosomes, hydrogenosomes, and mitochondria all share enzymes involved in the synthesis and assembly of iron-sulphur clusters, but neither an electron-transport chain nor substrate-level ATP synthesis (Gabaldon and Huynen 2003, 2004) is common to them all. Moreover, since the original endosymbiont for sure lacked ATP-exporting proteins, it is likely that the original endosymbiosis was not driven by providing ATP to the host (Martin... 

Figure 14. Synthesis and assembly of an integral protein into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (based on the data presented in Refs.

Currently, there is a growing need to develop environmentally benign nanoparticle synthesis processes that do not use toxic chemicals in the synthesis protocol. As a result, researchers in the held of nanoparticles synthesis and assembly have turned to biological systems for inspiration. The secrets gleaned from nature have led to the development of biomimetic approaches to the growth of advanced nanomaterials (Sastry et al., 2003). Besides this, the utilization of nontoxic chemicals. 

A stress-70 protein is also localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (Munro and Pelham, 1986). It is referred to as the binding protein, or BiP, since it has been observed to bind immunoglobulin heavy chains during their synthesis and assembly in lymphocytes (Haas and Wabl, 1983), as well as other proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Historically, it has also been referred to as the glucose-regulated protein (GRP78),... 

For their rich potential in various applications described in the previous section, the synthesis and assembly of various ZnO micro and nanostructures have been extensively explored using both gas-phase and solution-based approaches. The most commonly used gas-phase growth approaches for synthesizing ZnO structures at the nanometer and micrometer scale include physical vapor deposition (40, 41), pulsed laser deposition (42), chemical vapor deposition (43), metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (44), vapor-liquid-solid epitaxial mechanisms (24, 28, 29, 45), and epitaxial electrodeposition (46). In solution-based synthesis approaches, growth methods such as hydrothermal decomposition processes (47, 48) and homogeneous precipitation of ZnO in aqueous solutions (49-51) were pursued. 

Renslo AR, Tucci EC, Rudkevich DM, Rebek J Jr. Synthesis and assembly of self-complementary cavitands. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 2000 122 4573-4582. 

Nierhaus and his colleagues [168] have suggested that in E. coli the r-proteins which form part of an operon constitute assembly units. Thus, the order of the r-protein genes seems to be important for the assembly of the ribosome in those organisms in which the synthesis of r-proteins and the assembly of the ribosome take place in a single compartment. Since this is also the case with the archaea, it is perhaps for this reason that the gene order has been conserved in both domains for efficient ribosome production. In the eucarya, however, where synthesis and assembly take place in different cell compartments, the order in which the r-proteins are synthesized might be of less importance and the operon structure has not been conserved. 

Valenzuela, P. Medina, A. Rutter, W.J. Ammerer, G. Hall, BD. Synthesis and assembly of hepatitis B virus surface antigen particles in yeast. Nature 1982, 298, 347-350. 

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