Synergistic toxic effects

Although bicyclophosphates do not inhibit acetylcholinesterase, they exhibit a synergistic toxic effect with materials that do. Individuals who have had previous exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors such as nerve agents and commercial organophosphate or carbamate pesticides may be at a greater risk from exposure to bicyclophosphates. 

Synergist, 72 33 Synergistic toxic effects, 25 214 Syngas plants, suppliers of, 73 789 Syngenite, 5 785t Synperonic... 

The establishment of plant integrated defenses involves the preferential evolutionary retention and production of those SCs exerting synergistic toxic effects and is possible only if a diversification of secondary metabolism in a given plant has previously occurred. This preliminary diversification of secondary metabolism could be mediated via the classical reciprocal co-evolutionary interactions between a host plant and its major pests, as predicted by the chemical arms race model (Beren-baum and Zangerl, 1996). The PICD hypothesis is consequently not an exclusive evolutionary hypothesis because it is compatible with and dependent on other evolutionary processes. The contribution of the PICD hypothesis is to provide both a functional explanation for the diversity of SCs within plants (Romeo et al, 1996) and a reconciliation between different evolutionary models. 

In addition to its powerful synergistic action with alcohol by the inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase, Disulfiram exerts an equally strong synergistic toxic effect in the presence of ethylene dibromide (EDB, ref. 179) Laboratory rats exposed to 20 ppm EDB (inhalation)... 

Diatrizoate and strophanthin K may have a synergistic toxic effect (312). 

Sansing, G. A., Lillehoj, E. B., and Detroy, R. W. 1976. Synergistic toxic effect of citrinin, ochratoxin A and penicillic acid in mice. Toxicon 14, 213-220. 

NF membrane has been widely applied in water-related applications. However, low solute-removal rate for certain applications is still not effectively solved. For instance, monovalent nitrate removal in water treatment is considered as nonideal, as the nitrate rejection rate using commercial NF membrane is still considered low (Bohdziewicz et al. 1999 Van der Bruggen et al. 2001 Garcia et al. 2006). Removal of nitrate ions from the water stream is important as synergistic toxicity effects potentially occur in combination with some other compounds such as pesticides (L Haridon et al. 1993). Low rejection of NF membrane toward other elements or compounds based on boron was also reported by Geffen et al. (2006) and Dydo et al. (2005). 

These drug s are contraindicated in those with a known hypersensitivity to any component of the preparation. The topical anesthetics are used cautiously in patients receiving Class I antiarrhytiimic drug s such as tocainide and mexiletine because the toxic effects are additive and potentially synergistic. 

Interactions may take place in the toxicokinetic phase and/or in the toxicodynamic phase. The interactions may result in either a weaker (antagonistic) or stronger (potentiated, synergistic) combined effect than would be expected from knowledge about the toxicity and mode of action of each individual compound. 

In reality, medical scientists cannot yet predict the toxic effects to individual humans from consuming low-level chemical mixtures that permeate our food. Although scientists know virtually nothing about the toxic effects of chemical mixtures, they do know that there can be synergistic effects from multiple chemical exposures.1... 

In addition to silica, there is another silicon-containing mineral that is toxic. What is it What are its toxic effects How are its toxic effects synergistic with cigarette smoke ... 

Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the levels of Cd, Pb, and HCBD in various samples collected from a swamp environment in Louisiana and to assess the toxicities of As, Cd, and Hg to two species of aquatic organisms (bluegills and crawfish) indigenous to this swamp [18]. Cadmium and Pb were present in almost all collected samples. Their concentrations in fish were below the action levels set by EPA for the protection of human health. However, hazardous levels of these two elements were found in samples of crawfish, vegetation, soil, sediment, and water to some extent. Low levels of HCBD were recorded in water and sediment samples. In bioassay studies, Hg was found to be the most toxic metal, while As was the least toxic. Between the two test organisms, blue-gills appeared to be more sensitive than crawfish. Mixtures of Cd with As or Hg resulted in a combined toxic effect which was simply additive. However, a synergistic effect was recorded with the mixtures of As and Hg. 

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