Units and Symbols

The symbols listed below are used throughout this chapter. In most cases, the usage follows the recommendations of the IUPAC Commission on Electrochemistry [8] however, there are exceptions. 

D Dj Do, DR E Ea E° Ea Ec Em, Eoui m-3) diffusion coefficient (m2 s 1) diffusion coefficient of species (m2 s-1) diffusion coefficient of species O and R (m2 s-1) electrode potential (vs. some reference electrode) (V) null or equilibrium potential (V) standard potential (V) interelectrode potential (V) voltage input and output of a circuit (V) 

Faraday s constant (96 485 C mol-1) denotes a functional relationship constant given by eqn. (161) faradaic current (A) 

Laplace transformation symbol molecular weight (kg mol-1) metal metal ion 

There are three distinct mechanisms by which electroactive solutes from the solution may reach the electrode or, conversely, by which electrogenerated solutes may be transferred into the solution. These are migration, diffusion, and convection. 

In the FRG the regidations pertaining to the law on units of measurement appeared on 28th June, 1970. Information on the practical use and the area of application of the new international system of units (SI) as compared to the previous systems is given in the books of Padelt and Laporte [9], Forster [10] and Haeder and Gartner [11], In the meantime further standards have been elaborated (Table 3). 

General signs and symbols signs and symbols for generally used physical quantities Sheet 1 Quantities and units names, symbols and abbreviations Sheet 2 Explanations Units symbols and abbreviations Notation of physical equations in science and technology 

For liquid and gas pressures the SI unit pascal = Pa = N X m has to be used now. In addition, the larger unit bar = 10 Pa is provided. Conversion is done according to 

The thermal unit used so far, the calorie = cal, is replaced with the joule  

For thermodynamic temperatures the unit Kelvin (no longer degree Kelvin) is now in use. The degree Celsius for Celsius temperatures T T, where T is the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water is a special name for the Kelvin. Grad = grd is no longer used to denote temperature differences. 

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ISO 13731 Standardization of quantities, symbols, and units used in the standards F.irgonomics of the thermal enviromruvnf Vocabulary and symbri s... 

The equations in this volume are from a number of reference sources, not all of which use consistent nomenclature (symbols) and units. In order to facilitate comparisons within sources, the conventions of each source were presented unchanged. 

See nomenclature for definition of symbols and units. The units presented are English engineering units, unless a conversion is required. The friction factor is the only experimental variable that must be determined by reference to the above equations and it is represented by Figure 2-3. Note that this may sometimes be referred to as the Fanning formula, and may be modified to )held a fric-... 

The corrosion rate of a metal in terms of weight loss per unit area (g m" d ) or rate of penetration (mm y" ) can be calculated from Faraday s law if the current density is known. Conversely, the corrosion current density can be evaluated from the weight loss per unit area or from the rate of penetration. The following symbols and units have been adopted in deriving these relationships in which it is assumed that corrosion is uniform and the rate is linear ... 

TABLE 1 Symbol Common Symbols and Units Physical quantity SI unit... 

Symbols and units used in this book are in accordance with the IUPAC recommendations. We are very grateful to Elena Batova for attentive English editing of the manuscripts Parts I and II of this book. 

Gnaiger, E. (1983). Symbols and units toward standardization. In Polarographic Oxygen Sensors, eds. Gnaiger, E. and Forstner, H., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 352-358. 

Alphabetical list of variables, symbols and units frequently used in vacuum technology and its applications (see also DIN 28 402)... 

Parameters (symbols and units) Experiment 1 (nickel sulfate in water) Experiment 2 (nickel sulfate in food)... 

The different types of magnetism described so far are summarized in terms of the sign and magnitude of their susceptibilities in Table 6.17. A summary of the terms, symbols, and units used in magnetism are provided in Table 6.18, in a manner analogous to the electrical terms in Table 6.5. 

TABLE 1 Common Symbols and Units for Physical Quantities (continued)... 

A summary of symbols and units that are used in radiometry is shown in Table B.l. A summary of symbols and units that are used in photometry is shown in Table B.2. The photometric quantities use the same symbol except that the subscript v is added. A good introduction to the theory of radiometry is given by Poynton (2003), Jahne (2002), Horn (1986), and Levi (1993). See also International Commission on Illumination (1983). The radiometric units refer to physical quantities whereas the photometric units refer to perceptual quantities. In photometry, the physical quantities are weighted by the spectral sensitivity of the human visual system. Let Q(X) be the energy at wavelength X. Then, the corresponding photometric quantity is given by... 

IUPAC is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Their recommendations for symbols and units are given in Mills etal. (1993). Some IUPAC recommendations and guidelines with particular reference to biocalorimetry are given in Belaich et al. (1982). 

Symbols and unit names should not be used together in the same expression. For example,... 

For consistency with the literature, we have generally used the abbreviations, symbols, and units most commonly used in the research community. In most cases, these correspond to those of the original reference. There are, however, many instances where different symbols are used for the same meaning. There are also instances where the same symbol is used for different meanings. A partial list of the more frequently used abbreviations and symbols is given below. 

A paper has been published on the Recommendations of the Analytical Chemistry Section of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) concerning the nomenclature, symbols and units applied in molecular absorption spectrometry [25]. 

The reciprocal Angstrom unit is also conventionally used for momentum (A ) throughout the neutron scattering literature. There was neither a common optical spectroscopic alternative (as there was to justify the adoption of the wavenmnber, cm, for the unit of energy) nor chemical reason (as there was to justify the adoption of the atomic mass unit, u or amu, for the unit of mass). For quantities not defined by lUPAC we have mostly used symbols consistent with the neutron scattering literature [14,15] but have, on rare occasions, been forced to invent our own symbol for the sake of clarity. We provide a table of symbols and units (p. xix). 

The concentration of a substance in the vapour phase (saturated vapour concentration, SVC) may be calculated from the SVP of the substance. This may be done to a useful level of accuracy by the simple application of the ideal gas law. Table 3 specifies the symbols and units of the parameters used in the calculation. 

Table 3. Terms, symbols and units needed for the calculation of SVC from the ideal gas law...

ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND UNITS USED REPEATEDLY IN TEXT... 

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