Sustainable development based

Elaborate descriptions of process intensification will be found elsewhere in this book. Here a short description suffices, followed by an assessment on its potential to contribute to sustainable development, based on present industrial cases and general features. 

A major objective of European energy policy is to move towards more sustainable development based on a diverse mix of resources, in particular, renewable resources including biomass. Programmes devoted to this end address the pressing challenges of security of supply and climate change imponderables thereby supporting the future competitiveness of European industry. 

One of the conclusions from the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (the Earth Summit) was the urgent need to find a more sustainable way of life, based on careful use of resources and a reduction in environmental emissions. There was also a call to move towards a model in which environmental enhancement is fully integrated with economic development. The consequences of this summit have been far-reaching not least by the fact that, in Europe and elsewhere, environmental protection requirements are now integrated into many policies rather than being separate pieces of legislation. Indeed Article 2 of the EC treaty states that the Community shall. .. promote throughout the Community harmonious, balanced and sustainable development of economic activities This may be viewed as the first step towards... 

Based on the previous studies and the above discussions, it is required to achieve environmentally sustainable development in textile industry since closing of water cycle is highly recommended [29]. It can often be done by the application of the combined membrane-biological processes, especially by the implementation of NF-biological and RO-biological processes, which enables the water reuse process, thereby the minimization of freshwater consumption. 

At long last, it was announced that, "based on the major ideas and principles declared at the Rio de Janeiro Conference of 1992, Ukraine deems desirable a shift to sustainable development that would ensure a balanced solution to social and economic tasks and to problems of leaving the environment and the potential of natural resources in good order for the current and future generations."... 

On the one hand, the current petrochemical route would continue to provide the world with the chemicals consumers require. To satisfy the need for a more sustainable development, the petrochemical industry would continue its drive toward a continuous improvement in energy efficiency (see Figure 10.3). This drive will primarily include the continuous improvement of the current crude-oil-based processes while stranded methane or CO2 would be utilized as complementary feedstock. 

To conclude, research, applications and expectations with regard to emulsions are permanently evolving. Changes in the macro-economic context along with various political decisions (e.g., sustainable development. Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) directive for the European Union) are factors which influence the conditions in which emulsion-based products are fabricated and used. It is probable that these changes will motivate technological developments and new advances in emulsion science. 

This volume, together with the first volume entitled Carbohydrates and Sustainable Development, Part 1 - Renewable Resources for Chemistry and Biotechnology, demonstrates that a variety of industrial products can be accessed using renewable and low-cost biomass. Both volumes are based on selected papers presented at Carbohydrates as Organic Raw Materials V - Building a Sustainable Future (CORM V), held in Lisbon in January 2009. The conference was chaired by Amelia Pilar Ranter (University of Lisboa) and Yves Queneau (University of Lyon, INSA Lyon), in collaboration with Frieder W. Lichtenthaler (Technische... 

A similar method proposed by Hoffmann [26] involves analyzing process alternatives based on two indices. The total armuabzed profit per service unit (TAPPS) and material intensity per service unit (MIPS) are calculated as economic and environmental factors, respectively. TAPPS is used to calculate the maximum profit per unit of product produced. MIPS is used to calculate the number of input and output streams in a process. MIPS was used based on the knowledge that a global reduction in material streams (solvents, reactants,) is necessary to lead toward sustainable development. TAPPS and MIPS are determined for several process alternatives, which are analyzed using a Pareto Chart for their feasibihty within a plant. However, MIPS does not account for the release of toxic solvents and reagents into the environment. Therefore it has been noted that it should be used in conjunction with LCA and other methods to avoid the use of highly toxic solvents and other raw materials [26]. 

To aid the developer or designer of a new technology the author has derived a scorecard to assess the technology on its contribution to sustainable development. It is based on the sustainable development aspects social, ecology, and economy. The scorecard is shown in Table 2. The basis and use of the scorecard will now be explained. 

Scenarios of human development are the basic subject of discussions at both global international and regional national levels (Yakovets, 1997 Troyan and Dementiev, 2005). Constructing global scenarios is based on the theory of sustainable development, the elements of which are rather difficult to create, and it is... 

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