Sustainability in Practice

16Our analysis of actual nonfinancial performance as correlated with market value revealed the following value drivers Innovation, Quality, Customer, Management, Alliances, Technology, Brand, Employee, Environment. Multiple, statistically independent measures are used as inputs for each driver in order to ensure a robust model. 

17Cap Gemini Ernst Young Center for Business Innovation, Measures That Matter study. Survey of 300 sell-side analysts, 275 buy-side analysts, as well as interviews with portfolio managers. Summaries of these studies are available at http //www.cbi.cgey.com/. 

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Esprit, 2014. Sustainability in Practice, http //www.esprit.com/company/sustainabihty/sustain ability in practice/ (accessed 12.7.14.). 

Using fenicyanide as the electron acceptor in the cathode chamber increases the power density due to the availability of a good electron acceptor at high concentrations. Ferricyanide increased power by 1.5-1.8 times compared with a Pt catalyst cathode and dissolved oxygen (H-design reactor with a Nafion CEM) [69]. The highest power densities so far reported for MFC systems have been low internal resistance systems with ferricyanide at the cathode [44,56]. While ferricyanide is an excellent catholyte in terms of system performance, it must be chemically regenerated and its use is not sustainable in practice. Thus, the use of ferricyanide is restricted to fundamental laboratory smdies. 

Below about 0.5 K, the interactions between He and He in the superfluid Hquid phase becomes very small, and in many ways the He component behaves as a mechanical vacuum to the diffusional motion of He atoms. If He is added to the normal phase or removed from the superfluid phase, equiHbrium is restored by the transfer of He from a concentrated phase to a dilute phase. The effective He density is thereby decreased producing a heat-absorbing expansion analogous to the evaporation of He. The He density in the superfluid phase, and hence its mass-transfer rate, is much greater than that in He vapor at these low temperatures. Thus, the pseudoevaporative cooling effect can be sustained at practical rates down to very low temperatures in heHum-dilution refrigerators (72). 

In principle, after initiation the laser should be operatable purely by chemical reaction, without any external sources of electrical power. In practice, most chemical lasers do use a sustaining source of electrical power. 

These values are determined by experiment. It is, however, by no means a trivial task to measure the lamina compressive and shear strengths (52,53). Also the failure of the first ply of a laminate does not necessarily coincide with the maximum load that the laminate can sustain. In many practical composite laminates first-ply failure may be accompanied by a very small reduction in the laminate stiffness. Local ply-level failures can reduce the stress-raising effects of notches and enhance fatigue performance (54). 

As standard practice, all motors are designed for a balanced and virtually sinusoidal supply system, but it may not be feasible to obtain the designed supply conditions in practice. Hence, a motor is designed with a certain in-built capacity to sustain small amounts of voltage unbalances and some degree of harmonic quantities, such that the voltage waveform may still be regarded as sinusoidal. 

If a motion is specified with satisfies the continuity condition, the velocity, strain, and density at each material particle are determined at each time t throughout the motion. Given the constitutive functions (e, k), c(e, k), b( , k), and a s,k) with suitable initial conditions, the constitutive equations (5.1), (5.4), and (5.11) may be integrated along the strain history of each material particle to determine its stress history. If the density, velocity, and stress histories are substituted into (5.32), the history of the body force at each particle may be calculated, which is required to sustain the motion. Any such motion is termed an admissible motion, although all admissible motions may not be attainable in practice. 

It has been emphasised in the earlier chapters that the thermal efficiency of the gas turbine increases with its maximum nominal temperature, which was denoted as T. Within limits this statement is true for all gas turbine-based cycles and can be sustained, although not indefinitely, as long as the optimum pressure ratio is selected for any value of Ty, further the specific power increases with T. However, in practice higher maximum temperature requires improved combustion technology, particularly if an increase in harmful emissions such as NO is to be avoided. 

Neutralizing capacity is not the only measure of a required amine feed rate. Once all acidic characteristics have been neutralized, amine basicity becomes the important issue because this raises the pH above the neutralization point, to a more stable and sustainable level. Consequently, in practice we are concerned with the level of amine necessary to raise the condensate pH to a noncorrosive level. This practical amine requirement is difficult to obtain from theoretical calculations because it must take account of the amine volatility, DR, and the boiler system amine recycling factor (as well as temperature). As noted earlier, the basicity of an amine has little or no relationship to its volatility or DR, so that reliable field results are probably a more important guide in assessing the suitability of an amine product than suppliers tables. 

Near room temperature, Ea is roughly 2.5 kJ mol-1 (or 0.6 kcal mol-1) larger than AW. These treatments assume that both AW and Ea are temperature-independent. That is, the temperature profiles according to Eqs. (7-3) and (7-5) are both linear. Most data (but not all, see Sections 7.2 and 7.3) conform to that model, although Eq. (7-8) says that, literally, AW and Ea cannot both be temperature-independent constants. In fact, the RT term in Eq. (7-8) is usually much smaller than the others. Thus, the temperature independence of both Ea and AW can in practice be sustained with good accuracy. The choice of the T to use in Eq. (7-8) is not crucial—a midpoint value of the experimental range does the job. In the same vein, the value of AS and A are related by (see Problem 7.4)... 

It would therefore be expected that farmers with higher levels of education would be more likely to implement pesticide use reduction. Despite, most comparisons between conventional and organic farmers do not show significant differences in level of formal education (Nazarko et al. 2003). There is conflicting evidence over the role of land ownership in the adoption of sustainable farming practices. 

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