Suspect locations

The key word in any case is representative. A laboratory analysis sample must be representative of the whole so that the final result of the chemical analysis represents the entire system that it is intended to represent. If there are variations in composition, such as with the coal example above, or at least suspected variations, small samples must be taken from all suspect locations. If results for the entire system are to be reported, these small samples are then mixed and made homogeneous to give the final sample to be tested. Such a sample is called a composite sample. In some cases, analysis on the individual samples may be more appropriate. Such samples are called selective samples. 

If the excluded area is not planned for use by military forces then subsequent actions concerning the hazard become a civilian responsibility. However, if military necessity dictates that ACE forces will be required to operate near or at the suspect location, the operational commander shall direct the conduct of an NBC Survey to determine the extent of the hazard. 

Fig. 7. Degradation of red cell glycolipids and formation of cerebrosides. Pathway A proposed by Philippart et al. (1965) pathway B proposed by Statter and Shapiro (1965). The suspected location of the lesion in Gaucher s disease is at step IV...

In critical situations, where high corrosion rates are anticipated over a small area, solid coupled probes may be welded directly onto the pipe or vessel at the suspect locations in order to permit continuous monitoring of wall thickness. The proposed welding procedures should be submitted for approval prior to the probe attachment. 

The other purpose for which physical evidence is used is to develop associative evidence in a case. Physical evidence may help to prove a victim or suspect was at a specific location, or that the two came in contact with one another. In one case, building material debris (wooden splinters, tar paper, insulation material) was found on a blanket used to wrapped a body that was found dumped at the side of a road. The evidence suggested an attic and eventually led detectives to the location where the murder occurred. 

Trace Evidence. Trace evidence (23) refers to minute, sometimes microscopic material found during the examination of a crime scene or a victim s or suspect s clothing (see Trace AND residue analysis). Trace evidence often helps poHce investigators (24) develop connections between suspect and victim and the crime scene. The theory behind trace evidence was first articulated by a French forensic scientist the Locard Exchange Principle notes that it is not possible to enter a location, such as a room, without changing the environment. An individual brings trace materials into the area and takes trace materials away. The challenge to the forensic scientist is to locate, collect, preserve, and characterize the trace evidence. 

Forensic Serology. Blood, often associated with crimes of violence, is powerfiil physical evidence. Its presence suggests association with the criminal act and blood can be used to associate suspects and locations with the bleeder. Blood is a complex mixture of cellular material, proteins, and enzymes and several tests are available for suspected bloody evidence. A typical test protocol involves (/) determining whether blood is present, (2) determining if it is human blood, (J) typing the blood, and (4) when appHcable, performing DNA typing. 

The helium leak detector is a common laboratory device for locating minute leaks in vacuum systems and other gas-tight devices. It is attached to the vacuum system under test a helium stream is played on the suspected leak and any leakage gas is passed into a mass spectrometer focused for the helium-4 peak. The lack of nearby mass peaks simplifies the spectrometer design the low atmospheric background of helium yields high sensitivity helium s inertness ensures safety and its high diffusivity and low adsorption make for fast response. 

Fluorescence Microscope. A useful light microscope utilizes UV light to induce fluorescence in microscopic samples (40). Because fluorescence is often the result of trace components in a given sample rather than intrinsic fluorescence of the principal component, it is useful in the crime laboratory for the comparison of particles and fibers from suspect and crime scene. Particles of the same substance from different sources almost certainly show a different group of trace elements. It is also very useful in biology where fluorescent compounds can be absorbed on (and therefore locate and identify) components of a tissue section. 

When groundwater contaminant plumes are suspected of having significant depth as well as lateral distribution, a three-dimensional array of monitoring points is needed to identify and characterize such plumes. Thus, groundwater data must be obtained from a number of different locations and from a number of different depths at each location. As a result, either a large number of drillholes are required, each with separate instrumentation installed, or instruments must be combined and installed at multiple levels in each of a smaller number of drillholes. 

Assists in identifying appropriate analytical laboratories to evaluate environmental samples (e.g., soil, water, sludge, waste, air) for characterizing hazards at a site. The system factors type of sample, suspected pollutants, user s needs for on-site evaluation, and laboratories locations, capabilities, and ( ualiricalions. 

Normal recirculation in average installations for forced draft may run 3-10% of total inlet air, and 1-8% for induced draft towers, all depending upon the location and wind conditions during any day or season. Some towers can be arranged to have less than 1% recirculation. If conditions are suspected of being conductive to recirculation, it should definitely be allowed for in design of the tower. Recirculation increases the wet bulb temperature of entering air, increases the total air required (and hence size of... 

Alec Jeffryes, an English geneticist, discovered in the 1980s how to apply this principle to forensics. To do this, it is necessary to locate that portion of the DNA molecule in which the base sequence differs significantly from one individual to another. That part of the molecule is cut out by a "restrictive enzyme" in much the same way that trypsin splits a protein molecule into fragments. The DNA sample obtained in this way from a suspect can be compared with that derived from blood, hair, semen, saliva, and so on, found at the scene of a violent crime. 

The effective wavelength provides a useful way of characterizing polychromatic beams that are not appreciably affected by the presence of an absorption edge. One suspects intuitively that the presence of an absorption edge critically located could cause complications in absorptiometry with polychromatic beams. That this does happen has been demonstrated,13 and it limits the usefulness of the effective wavelength. 

Studies in animals and autopsy findings of endosulfan and metabolites in various tissues in humans suggest that absorbed endosulfan is most readily distributed to adipose and brain tissue, but that the liver and kidney may be longer-term repositories of endosulfan and its metabolites. Endosulfan residues were found in fat of hospitalized Spanish children (Olea et al. 1999), but no studies were located regarding known or suspected differences between children and adults with respect to endosulfan distribution. 

Renal excretion is the most important endosulfan elimination route in humans and animals. Biliary excretion has also been demonstrated to be important in animals. Estimated elimination half-lives ranged between approximately 1 and 7 days in adult humans and animals. Endosulfan can also be eliminated via the breast milk in lactating women and animals, although this is probably a relatively minor elimination route. No studies were located regarding known or suspected differences between children and adults with respect to endosulfan excretion. 

The evaluation of a patient with suspected IHD begins with a detailed history of anginal symptoms. The five components commonly used to characterize chest pain are quality, location, duration of pain, factors that provoke pain, and factors... 

Determine whether prophylaxis is indicated for close contacts of patients with CNS infections. Close contacts should be located for patients with suspected meningococcal or Hib meningitis. After consultation with the local health department, antibiotic prophylaxis should be provided promptly to these individuals to avoid secondary disease. 

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