Susceptibility of soil

Fig. 9.2 Patterns of vertical water flow in a porous medium, as a function of the initial water content. Shown here are two patterns of water infiltration, in two different dry and wet soils, following infiltration of 40 mm of water containing Brilliant Blue FCF as a dye applied to the ground surface (Flury et al., 1994). Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union. Flury M, Fluhler H, Jury W, Leuenberger J (1994) Susceptibility of soils to preferential flow of water A field study. Water Resour Res 30 1945-1954, doi 10.1029/94WR00871. Copyright 1994 American Geophysical Union...

Acid Rain-Continued research, 2-8 susceptibility of soil, 270/... 

Glazovskaya, M. A. (1990). Methodological Guidelines for Porecasting the Geochemical Susceptibility of Soils to Technogenic Pollution, ISRIC Technical Report, 22, 39 pp. 

Empirical correlations The susceptibility of soils to liquefaction depends on their characteristics... 

D5918-96 Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils. 

Flury, M., Fluhler, H., Jury, W.A. and J. Leueberger. 1994. Susceptibility of soils to preferential flow of water A field study. Water Resources Research 31 2443-2452. 

Volatilization. The susceptibility of a herbicide to loss through volatilization has received much attention, due in part to the realization that herbicides in the vapor phase may be transported large distances from the point of application. Volatilization losses can be as high as 80—90% of the total applied herbicide within several days of application. The processes that control the amount of herbicide volatilized are the evaporation of the herbicide from the solution or soHd phase into the air, and dispersal and dilution of the resulting vapor into the atmosphere (250). These processes are influenced by many factors including herbicide application rate, wind velocity, temperature, soil moisture content, and the compound s sorption to soil organic and mineral surfaces. Properties of the herbicide that influence volatility include vapor pressure, water solubility, and chemical stmcture (251). 

Corrosion susceptibility in aqueous media is assessed on the basis of the rating numbers [3, 14], which are different from those of soils. An increased likelihood of corrosion is in general found only in the splash zone. Particularly severe local corrosion can occur in tidal regions, due to the intensive cathodic action of rust components [23, 24]. Since cathodic protection cannot be effective in such areas, the only possibility for corrosion protection measures in the splash zone is increased thickness of protective coatings (see Chapter 16). In contrast to their behavior in soils, horizontal cells have practically no significance. 

Light, sandy, well-drained soil of high electrical resistivity is low in corrosivity and coated steel or bare stainless steels can be employed. It is unlikely that the whole pipe run would be in the same type of soil. In heavier or damp soils, or where the quality of back filling cannot be guaranteed, there are two major corrosion risks. Steel, copper alloys and most stainless steels are susceptible to sulfide attack brought about by the action of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the soil. SRB are ubiquitous but thrive particularly well in the anaerobic conditions which persist in compacted soil, especially clay. The mechanism of corrosion where SRB are involved is described in Section... 

Occluded or co-precipitated by carbonate (CARB). This fraction would be susceptible to changes of soil pH. 

The SOM 14C apparent age of soil section (0-0.05 m) is 80 yr B.R for WKS profile and 140 yr B.R for QYS profile, suggesting that the upper soil layers had been contaminated by some old carbons with negative A14C values. Contaminations from old carbon and bomb 14C can result in obvious alterations in SOM A14C values. However, SOM 513C value is relatively less susceptible to such contaminations, because the abundance of 13C is much greater than that of 14C in nature system. This indicates that 14C analysis alone is not adequate for studying SOM dynamics. 

Oertli, J. J. Effect of salinity on susceptibility of sunflower plants to smog. Soil Sci. 87 249-251, 1959. 

Stolzy, L. H., O. C. Taylor, W. M. Dugger, Jr., and J. D. Mersereau. Physiological changes in and ozone susceptibility of the tomato plant after periods of inadequate oxygen diffusion to the roots. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. 28 305-308, 1964. 

Singer, M.J. Fine, P. (1989) Pedogenic factors affecting magnetic susceptibility of northern California soils. Soil Sd. Soc. Am. J. 53 1119-1127... 

Singer, M.J. Fine, P. Verosub, KL. TenPas, J. (1996) A conceptual model for the enhancement of magnetic susceptibility in soils. Quart. Int. 34-36 243-248... 

The complex interaction between climatic factors, toxicant concentration, exposure duration, soil conditions and physiological characteristics determines the susceptibility of plant tissue and, to a large extent, influences the characteristics of the injury symptom syndrome produced. Distinct and relatively uniform symptoms may be produced repeatedly on susceptible members of the plant community if they are exposed under controlled-standardized conditions. But the extent of injury and a concomitant alteration in injury appearance usually occurs when there is a deviation in toxicant dosage, plant species or environmental condition. 

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