Survival of organisms

It used to be thought that the survival of organic remains was only to be expected in a limited number of unusual preservational environments, such as extreme aridity, cold, or waterlogging, or as a result of deliberate action such as mummification. With more sensitive analytical techniques, however, the preservation of a wide range of biomolecules has now been demonstrated in a much wider range of far less exceptional archaeological contexts. 

The medium should be exposed to steam under pressure in a validated sterilization cycle to achieve at least a 10"6 probability of survival of organisms within the medium. 

Biological antifreezes constitute a diverse class of proteins found in Arctic and Antarctic fish, as well as in amphibians, trees, plants and insects. These compounds are unique in that they have the ability to inhibit the growth of ice and consequently, are essential for the survival of organisms inhabiting environments where sub-zero temperatures are routinely encountered. 

Ample evidence in the literature and reviewed in this volume indicates that people use spatial representations to deal with problems in other cognitive domains. This section discusses the possibility that animals also might use spatial schemas to deal with problems in other cognitive domains. The fundamental nature of spatial representations for the survival of organisms suggests that such representations might be found in both humans and nonhumans. Two speculative examples will be discussed here. 

The building blocks of living organisms are cells, which resemble miniature factories performing various functions necessary for the survival of organisms. The hurhan body contains about 100 trillion cells with an average... 

Vitamins are essential to the survival of organisms because vitamins usually function as... 

In this investigation, three main focus areas are reported (1) S. aureus growth in homogeneous liquid media system, (2) mold spore germination in heterogeneous semi-solid starch-sugars and cellulose-sorbose systems with, and (3) survival of organisms in freeze-dried locust bean and xanthan... 

The importance of exogenous delivery of organic matter to the early Earth is critically dependent on the survivability of organic compounds during the delivery process. It is presently unclear exactly how much organic material would escape destruction during asteroid, comet and interplanetary dust particle infall to the Earth s surface. 

The little work which has been done on the aerosol survival of dry powders indicates that the survival of organisms disseminated from the wet and dry state is quite different " and Cox concludes that the problem of aerosol survival is not solely a question of removing and putting back water. 

Collier (1886) CoUier Manual of Oil Painting Cassel Company, Ltd., London, Paris, New York andMelboume (1886) Collins et aL (2002) CoUins, M.J. Nielsen-Marsh, C.M. Hiller, J. Smith, C.I. Roberts, J.P. Prigodich, R.V. Wess, T.J. Csapo, J. MiUaid, A.R. Tuner-Walker, G. The survival of organic matter in bone A review Archaeometry 44 (2002) 383-394... 

The survival of organisms relies on the accurate transmission of genetic information from one cell to the next, together with the ability to repair DNA damage. To achieve this goal, organisms have developed efficient DNA repair or tolerance mechanisms in order to counteract DNA damage caused by external forces such as UV radiation. 

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