Surrogate for

In its eadiest years, the printed ChemicalP hstracts provided lengthy abstracts that could often serve as surrogates for original documents. Derwent stiU does this in some instances, but CAS on the other hand strives to be a pointer to original documents. The volume of nonpatent and patent Hterature covered in CA dictates that complete abstracts are impractical, although CA indexing records can contain a wealth of detail not hinted at in abstracts. 

The solubihty of hydrophobic substances in, or their absorbabiUty on suspended particles, on sediments, on biota, or on soil particles can be related to the solubihty of these substances in organic solvents. The solvent -octanol, CH2(CH2)yOH, is a kind of surrogate for many kinds of environmental and physiological organic substances and has become a reference phase for organic phase water partitioning of organic solutes. 

Urea Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics summarizes the relationships between solute generation, solute removal, and concentration in a patient s blood stream. In the context of hemodialysis, this analysis is most readily appHed to urea, which has, as a consequence, become a surrogate for other uremic toxins in the quantitation of therapy and in attempts to describe its adequacy. In the simplest case, a patient is assumed to have no residual renal function. Urea is generated from the breakdown of dietary protein, accumulates in a single pool equivalent to the patient s fluid volume, and is removed uniformly from that pool during hemodialysis. A mass balance around the patient yields the following differential equation ... 

When using failure rate data for a CPQRA, the ideal situation is to have valid historical data from the identical equipment in the same application. In most cases, plant-specific data are unavailable or may carry a level of confidence that is too low to allow those data to be used without corroborating data. Risk analysts often overcome these problems by using generic failure rate data as surrogates for or supplements to plant-specific data. Because of the uncertainties inherent in risk analysis methodology, generic failure rate data are frequently adequate to identify the major risk contributors in a process or plant. 

BENZENESULFONIC ACID DERIVATIVES As has been discussed previously, substituted -alkylbenzene-sulfonylureas often possess the property of releasing bound insulin, thus sparing the requirement for insulin injections in adult-onset diabetes. A pyrimidine moiety, interestingly, can serve as a surrogate for the urea function. 

At typical indoor concentrations, COj is not thought to be a direct cause of adverse health effects however, COj is an easily-measured surrogate for other occupant-generated pollutants. Eye, nose, and throat irritation headaches lung cancer may contribute to heart disease buildup of fluid in the middle ear increased severity and frequency of asthma episodes decreased lung function. ETS is also a source of odor and irritation complaints. 

This is not to imply that a full-throttle acceleration from rest to that speed is a maneuver frequently executed by the typical driver. The time to 60 mph is rather an easily measured parameter that seiwes as a surrogate for other performance metrics. A car that is slow from 0 to 60 mph will likely have slow response from 40 to 60 mph for freeway merging, or prove lethargic when climbing hills. Reflecting the market preference of the typical new-car buyer, for the average new U.S. passenger car, the acceleration time from 0 to 60 mph has decreased from about 14 seconds in 1975 to fewer than 11 seconds iti 1995. 

It will be recalled that the methoxy-substituted aromatic ring was intended to serve as a stable surrogate for the 7-lactone ring contained within compound 13 (see Scheme 1). This electron-rich aro-... 

Azide is widely useful as a surrogate for ammonia in nucleophilic substitution reactions, due to its high nucleophilicity, low basicity, and stability towards a variety of conditions for subsequent transformations. In particular, the azidolysis of... 

When the full distribution is needed, it is measured by size-exclusion chromatography (also called gel permeation chromatography). This is a solution technique that requires dissolution of the polymer in a reasonable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or tetrachlorlobenzene. For polymers that require exotic solvents or solution temperatures above about 150°C, a simple measurement of solution viscosity can be a useful surrogate for the actual molecular weight. The viscosity of the pure polymer (i.e., a polymer melt viscosity) can also be used. Such simplified techniques are often satisfactory for routine quality control, particularly for condensation polymers such as PET that vary in average molecular weight but usually have a polydispersity of 2. 

More than one dimension, i.e., parameter, of the experimental system is measured, say absorbance and pH of an indicator solution the correlation behavior is tested to find connections between parameters if a strong one is found, one measurement could in the future serve as a surrogate for the other, less accessible one. 

As a generalization, to be orally well absorbed a compound must be soluble in the contents of the gastrointestinal lumen [4]. Solubility in aqueous buffer is commonly used as a simpHfying surrogate for intestinal content solubility. There are rare exceptions to the principle that to be absorbed a compound must be soluble. SoHd particles, e.g. starch, can be absorbed. Absorption of very small quantities of even biologically very large compounds can occur via lymphoid tissue, e.g. orally active vaccines. Very hpophihc basic compounds, e.g. certain antimalarials, can be absorbed via the intestinal lymphatics and dehvered directly to the heart... 

Bae, J. and Schwab, K. J. (2008). Evaluation of murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, poliovirus, and MS2 as surrogates for human norovirus in a model of viral persistence in surface water and groundwater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 477- 84. 

Baert, L., Uyttendaele, M., Vermeersch, M., Van Coillie, E., and Debevere, J. (2008b). Survival and transfer of murine norovirus 1, a surrogate for human noroviruses, during the production process of deep-frozen onions and spinach. /. Food Prot. 71,1590-1597. 

Carmon, J. L., Papafragkou, E., Park, G. W., Osborne, J., Jaykus, L. A., and Vinje, J. (2006). Surrogates for the study of norovirus stability and inactivation in the environment A comparison of murine norovirus and feline calidvirus. J. Food Prot. 69, 2761-2765. 

Hewitt, J., Rivera-Aban, M., and Greening, G. E. (2009). Evaluation of murine norovirus as a surrogate for human norovirus and hepatitis A virus in heat inactivation studies. J. Appl. Microbiol. 107, 65-71. 

Jimenez, L. and Chiang, M. (2006). Virucidal activity of a quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant against feline calicivirus A surrogate for norovirus. Am. J. Infect. Control 34, 269-273. 

Lages, S. L., Ramakrishnan, M. A., and Goyal, S. M. (2008). In-vivo efficacy of hand sanitisers against feline calicivirus A surrogate for norovirus. /. FIosp. Infect. 68,159-163. 

Mattison, K., Karthikeyan, K., Abebe, M., Malik, N., Sattar, S. A., Farber, J. M., and Bidawid, S. (2007). Survival of calicivirus in foods and on surfaces Experiments with feline calicivirus as a surrogate for norovirus. /. Food Prot. 70, 500-503. 

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