Surrogate biomarker

Sometimes it is not possible to measure the direct effect of the drug. Endpoints or surrogate biomarkers are used to monitor the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the drug. These markers may be changes in blood pressure, cholesterol level, concentrations of certain enzymes, proteins, blood glucose levels, and similar factors (see Table 6.2 for serum tumor markers and Appendix 7 for general biomarkers). 

Relative mRNA abundance Snapshot of gene activity Surrogate biomarkers or fingerprints Cell cycle... 

Since results from studies with biomedical models indicate potential, there is of obvious interest in the effects of RA consumption in foods on the risk of atherogenesis in humans. The use of surrogate biomarkers for disease risk is more readily achievable for atherosclerosis than for cancer in humans and a number of genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified, with the relative abundance of the different lipoproteins being of primary importance (Lusis, 2000). To date, there have been no epidemiological studies that have examined the intake of CLA derived from foods with the risk of atherosclerosis. However, as discussed in Section 3.6.2.1, the challenge of adequately evaluating the effect of dietary intake of CLA from different food sources presents some special limitations. 

Keating JT, Cviko A, Riethdorf S, et al. Ki-67, cyclin E, and pl6INK4 are complimentary surrogate biomarkers for human papilloma virus-related cervical neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001 25 884-891. 

Mechanisms of action of 30, 31 and 32 were probed in various cell lines. Phthalides 30, 31 and 32 prevented cortical neuronal cell death and inhibited the release of several injury surrogate biomarkers induced by KC1 [335], A -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) [335], AA [336] and hypoxia/hypoglycemia [337-339], These effects appeared to be related to an increase in NO and PGI2 release from neuronal [340, 341] and cerebral endothelial cells [342], Phthalides 30, 31 and 32 reduced superoxide anion production in a xanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction system [343]. The three phthalides also decreased intracellular Ca2+ level in cortical neuronal cells [344]. Furthermore, phthalides 30, 31 and 32 ameliorated the abnormal activities of several mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes induced by MCAO [322] and those of mitochondrial ATPase induced by hypoxia/hypoglycemia in cortical neuronal cells [345],... 

QT as a Surrogate Biomarker and Studies Used to Assess Ion Channel Modulation 152... 

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