Surfactant examples

Nonionic detergents, as the name implies, are not electrolytes, although they do possess the general polar-nonpolar character typical of surfactants. Examples of common types would include polyether esters, for... 

Ionic Surfmers. Ionic Surfmers were extensively considered in the early developments of polymerizable surfactants. Examples of products with anionic, cationic and amphoteric moieties are given in Figures 6.40-6.48. 

The first section of this chapter describes the solution properties of polymers, and this is followed by a general classification of polymeric surfactants. Examples are provided of polymeric surfactants and polyelectrolytes that are used as dispersants and emulsifiers. 

The most effective additives for increasing the stability of the foam produced by surfactant solutions appear to be long-chain, often water-insoluble, polar compounds with straight-chain hydrocarbon groups of approximately the same length as the hydrophobic group of the surfactant. Examples are lauryl alcohol for use with sodium dodecyl sulfate, Af,/V-bis(hydroxyethyl) lauramide for use with dodecylbenzenesulfonate, lauric acid for use with potassium laurate, and N,N-dimethyldodecylamine oxide for use with dodecylbenzenesulfonate and other anionics. 

The second part of the chapter deals with the effects that are achieved when using surfactants to increase the standard of living of an individual - body care, enhancement of the action of pharmaceuticals, improvement of food quality (natural surfactants). Examples of the stability control of foams and emulsions using surfactant formulations as well as of the flow properties control of finished preparations are given. 

Amine oxides constitute another important class of nonionic surfactants. Examples of these surfactants include dimethyl dodecyl amine oxide (DMDAO) and cocoamidopropyl dimethyl amine oxide (CAPAO). This type of surfactant is nonionic at pHs above its pK and cationic below that point. When functioning as a nonionic, amine oxides have many useful properties. They interact strongly with anionics, which can result in performance benefits. Amine oxides help to mitigate anionic surfactant irritation, act as foam stabilizers, and can also function to improve grease removal. 

Table 5.1.1 Possible functionalities (A, B, C, D,. ..) for the above structural representation of the multilunctional multipolymeiic surfactant. Examples of commercial polymers with various func-tionahty classes as well as their corresponding small-molecule counterparts are given. These smaU-molecule counterparts could be proposed to be injected into oilfields to facilitate oil extraction (With permission from Caneba et al., 2008)...

Amphoteric surfactants have properties similar to either nonionic surfactants or ionic surfactants. Examples are betaines and phospholipids. 

FIGURE 7.2 Examples of supramolecular capsular catalyst in water (a) tetrahedral capsule, (b) octahedral capsule, (c) hydrophobic dimeric capsule, (d) micelles from surfactants. Example of supramolecular capsular catalyst in organic solvent (e) H-bonded cylindrical capsule. (Adapted from Zecchina A, Bordiga S, Groppo E, editors. Selective nanocatalysts and nanoscience. Weinheim Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH 2011.)... 

Amphoteric surfactants have both anionic and cationic groups in the same molecule, and the pH value of the solution determines the predominant electrical charge on the surfactant. Examples of this class are aminocarboxylic acids and betaines. 

Water-soluble dibasic peroxides were found to catalyze aqueous emulsion polymerization of VDF at moderate pressures, in the presence of a small amount of a fluorinated surfactant. Examples of these peroxides are ... 

All such substances which when added to a solvent (particularly water) decrease its surface tension are called surface active agents or surfactants. Examples - soap and alcohol decrease the surface tension of water. 

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