Surface-active monomers

Propylene oxide is a surface active monomer structurally similar to ethylene oxide and therefore of interest as a SHM W-SP, but with more than ten repeating units this polymer is not water soluble. A compositional isomer methyl vinyl ether is water soluble the adsorption behavior of this polymer (PMVE) is illustrated in Figure 4. At 1 ppm the rate of 7T increase is linear over three hours. The diffusion rate could be calculated if the W-SP s molecular weight were monodispersed. The polymer studied had a Gaussian molecular weight distribution, which is true of essentially all W-SPs even after attempts have been made to... 

Fig. 12.1.5 Polymer encapsulation of inorganic particles by polymerization of adsorbed surface active monomer.

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macromonomers constitute a new class of surface active monomers which give, by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization or copolymerization, stable polymer dispersions and comb-like materials with very interesting properties due to the exceptional properties of ethylene oxide (EO) side chains. They are a basis for a number of various applications which take advantage of the binding properties of PEO [39], its hydrophilic and amphipathic behavior [40], as well as its bio compatibility and non-absorbing character towards proteins [41]. Various types of PEO macromonomers have been proposed and among them the most popular are the acrylates and methacrylates [42]. 

Polymerizable surfactants may be considered as surface-active monomers and essentially consist of ... 

Ferguson, R, Sherrington, D.C. and Gough, A. (1993) Preparation, characterization and use in emulsion polymerization of acrylated alkyl ethoxylate surface-active monomers. Polymer, 34, 3281-92. 

Rosenbauer E-M, Landfester K, Musyanovych A (2009) Surface-active monomer as a stabilizer for polyurea nanocapsules synthesized via interfacial polyaddition in inverse miniemulsion. Langmuir 25(20) 12084-12091... 

Copolymers 59 [181] and terpolymers 60 [182] were synthesized by micellar copolymerization and characterized with respect to their molecular and solution properties. The subject of further investigations was the interaction with low molecular weight surfactants [181,183]. Another interesting use was made of hydrophobized sulfopropylammonio monomers as surface-active monomers (or surfmers ) [184]. Their use in emulsifler-free emulsion polymerizations [185] reduced the water uptake and improved the mechanical stability of the resulting filmed latexes. 

Spray polycondensation is a variant based on the polycondensation of surface-active monomers on a melamine-formaldehyde base on the surface of suspended particles during spray drying. A dispersion of the core material is... 

Early examples of the precipitation approach include the aqueous solution polymerizations reported by Chaimberg et al. [53] for the graft polymerization of polyvinylpyrrolidone onto silica. The nonporous silica particles were modified with vinyltriethoxysilane in xylene, isolated and dispersed in an aqueous solution of vinylpyrrolidone. The reaction was performed at 70°C and initiated by hydrogen peroxide, after which precipitation on the surface occurred, leading to encapsulation. Nagai et al. [54] in 1989 reported on the aqueous polymerization of the quaternary salt of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate with lauryl bromide, a surface-active monomer, on silica gel. Although the aim was to polymerize only on the surface, separate latex particles were also formed. 

Figure 2. Chemical structures of surface-active monomers (SAM).

We thank Dr. Agnes K. Ly for her technical assistance. Dr. Cliff Carey for assisting with the statistical analysis, and Dr. Allen D. Johnston for providing high purity NPG. Additional thanks are extended to Rohm Tech, Inc. and Bisco, Inc. for their generous contributions of the surface-active monomers. 

Colloid Polymer Science 211, Nos.2-3, Feb.-March 1999, p.136-44 POLYMER MODIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES BY SPONTANEOUS POLYMERIZATION OF SURFACE ACTIVE MONOMERS... 

F re 4.8 Principle of silica encapsulation through emulsion polymerization using surface-active monomers. 

C Br, structure 6, Table 4.5) immobilized on the surface of silica gel [96b], Using a similar procedure, Yoshinaga [97] described the spontaneous formation of small polymer plots on the surface of silica particles by self-polymerization of a series of adsorbed cationic surface-active monomers in THF solutions. 

N. Ruramoto, Polymerization of surface-active monomers. III. Polymer encapsulation of silica gel particles by aqueous polymerization of quaternary salt of di-methylaminoethyl methacrylate with lau-ryl bromide,/.Appi. Polym. Sci. 1989, 38, 2183 2189 (b) K. Nagai, Polymerization of surface-active monomers and applications, Macromd. Symp. 1994, 84, 29-36. 

K. Yoshinaga, F. Nakashima, T. Nishi, Polymer modification of colloidal particles by spontaneous polymerization of surface-active monomers, Cdloid Pdym. Sd. 1999, 277,136-144. 

Typically, chemical compounds incorporating hydrophilic and hydrophobic moeties are used to stabilize the monolayers on an aqueous subphase. To enable the incorporation of conducting polymer hosts [9] into the production of these LB multilayer assemblies, a number of reaction and processing schemes have been employed. These include the direct manipulation of soluble surface-active derivatives, the transfer of various surface-active monomers followed by a secondary polymerization of the multilayer films, and, finally, the incorporation of various mixed phases that contain both conducting polymers and conventional LB agents (e.g., steric acid agents). 

Senhaji O, Robin JJ, Achchoubi M, Boutevin B (2004) Synthesis and characterization of new methacrylic phosphonated surface active monomer. Macromol Chem Phys 205 1039-1050... 

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