Supramolecular systems chemistry

The main supramolecular self-assembled species involved in analytical chemistry are micelles (direct and reversed), microemulsions (oil/water and water/oil), liposomes, and vesicles, Langmuir-Blodgett films composed of diphilic surfactant molecules or ions. They can form in aqueous, nonaqueous liquid media and on the surface. The other species involved in supramolecular analytical chemistry are molecules-receptors such as calixarenes, cyclodextrins, cyclophanes, cyclopeptides, crown ethers etc. Furthermore, new supramolecular host-guest systems arise due to analytical reaction or process. 

Smith DK, Diederich F (2000) Supramolecular Dendrimer Chemistry - A Journey Through the Branched Architecture. 210 183-227 Sorai M (2004) Heat Capacity Studies of Spin Crossover Systems. 235 153-170 Sour A, see Boillot M-L (2004) 234 261-276 Spiegel A, see Easier B (2005) 243 1-42... 

Juris A (2001) In Balzani V (ed) Electron transfer in chemistry. Biological and artificial supramolecular systems. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, vol 3, p 655... 

Since 1982 there have been enormous developments in metal-based chemistry, particularly the emergence of supramolecular chemistry - chemistry beyond the molecule, molecular architecture, and molecular engineering. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry was published in 1996, a survey which contains much of interest to coordination chemists. Consequently in this volume review material relating to supramolecular systems is mainly restricted to developments since 1990. 

Supramolecular systems have the capability of achieving functions not accessible by using molecular components.1,2 Supramolecular chemistry provides the framework to move from the molecular world to the nano- and meso-scale world. In this respect, the development of supramolecular systems provides a bottom-up approach for the construction of nanoscale objects where complexity is paramount to achieve multi-step function. Detailed knowledge of the system s thermodynamics and dynamics is required to rationally design new structures and to modify known ones. 

In the mid-1990s an alternative approach to the generation of functional supramolecular systems, dynamic comhinatorial chemistry (DCC), was conceived and developed by several groups, with the earliest publications coming from the Sanders, Lehn, and Miller laboratories [14—16], In DCC (Scheme 4.1), a series of building blocks (e.g., Aj-A, are mixed together and... 

ON THE BORDER BETWEEN CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY - NANOTECHNOLOGY AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF SUPRAMOLECULAR SYSTEMS... 

One of the points made in Schwenz and Moore was that the physical chemistry laboratory should better reflect the range of activities found in current physical chemistry research. This is reflected in part by the inclusion of modem instrumentation and computational methods, as noted extensively above, but also by the choice of topics. A number of experiments developed since Schwenz and Moore reflect these current topics. Some are devoted to modem materials, an extremely active research area, that I have broadly construed to include semiconductors, nanoparticles, self-assembled monolayers and other supramolecular systems, liquid crystals, and polymers. Others are devoted to physical chemistry of biological systems. I should point out here, that with rare exceptions, I have not included experiments for the biophysical chemistry laboratory in this latter category, primarily because the topics of many of these experiments fall out of the range of a typical physical chemistry laboratory or lecture syllabus. Systems of environmental interest were well represented as well. 

Such achievements have been made possible because of the substantial progresses obtained in other areas of chemistry and physics—particularly concerning the synthesis and characterization of complex chemical systems, and the study of surfaces and interfaces. In this perspective, electrochemistry is a very powerful tool not only for characterizing a supramolecular system, but also for operating the device. Indeed, molecular devices, as their macroscopic counterparts, need energy to operate and signals to communicate with the operator. Electrochemistry can be an interesting... 

Supramolecular systems can be considered as new tools of modern physical organic chemistry. The study of catalytic processes using supramolecular model systems aims to explain the observed rate enhancement in terms of structure and mechanism. In some cases, the model systems may even provide a simplified simulation of the action of an enzyme and lead to further understanding of the different mechanism by which enzymes are able to achieve impressive reaction rate accelerations and turnover numbers. 

One may venture to predict that this instructed mixture paradigm will define a major line of development of chemistry in the years to come the spontaneous but controlled build-up of structurally organized and functionally integrated supramolecular systems from a preexisting soup of instructed components following well-defined programmes and interactional algorithms. 

The study of supramolecular complexes of metal cations is really nothing more than the coordination chemistry of relatively labile (i.e. ligand substitution is relatively rapid under ambient conditions) metal ions and relatively elaborate, usually chelating or multidentate ligands (see Section 1.5) T It is therefore worth spending a little time reviewing some basics of coordination chemistry before looking at specific supramolecular systems. Experts read no further ... 

Lindoy, L. F., Atkinson, I., Self-assembly in Supramolecular Systems. Royal Society of Chemistry Cambridge, 2000. 

Biological systems have provided much of the inspiration for the development of supramolecular chemistry. Many synthetic supramolecular systems have been designed to mimic the structure or function of more complex biological processes. Such artifical, abiotic (non-biological) molecules or reaction mimics are termed models. By this we mean that, on a smaller scale, the artificial systems resemble, and help chemists to understand some or all of the properties of the real, biological chemistry. The concept of a biological model has been summarised beautifully by Donald Cram in his Nobel Prize lecture ... 

Daryle H. Busch Lawrence, Kansas A Sampling of Multi-receptor Supramolecular Systems and Beginnings in the Chemistry of Orderly Entanglements... 

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