Suppositories intravenous administration

Toxicity. The estimated minimum lethal dose after intravenous administration is 0.1 g fatalities have occurred after oral doses of 8.4 mg/kg in a child and after 25 to 100 mg/kg of aminophylline given as a suppository. Recovery has been reported after ingestion of choline theophyllinate equivalent to 12.8 g of theophylline. Toxic effects are usually associated with plasma concentrations greater than 30 pg/ml and fatalities with concentrations above 50pg/ml premature neonates appear to be relatively resistant to theophylline poisoning. 

Intravenous administration may be used to treat seizures. However, rectal suppositories have been used on occasion, if there is no parenteral access. The dermal and inhalational routes have been used in animal models, but are not conventionally used in clinical situations. 

Drugs are administrated by intravenous routes or ex-travascular routes including oral, sublingual, subcutaneous, intramuscular, rectal (by enema or suppository), and transdermal. Available dosage forms include suspensions, immediate-release capsules or tablets, sustained-release capsules or tablets, and enteric-coated capsules or tablets that resist dissolution in the acidic pfi of the stomach. 

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antiprotozoal drug (see Chapter 52) that also has potent antibacterial activity against anaerobes, including bacteroides and Clostridium species. It is well absorbed after oral administration, is widely distributed in tissues, and reaches serum levels of 4-6 mcg/mL after a 250-mg oral dose. Metronidazole can also be given intravenously or by rectal suppository. The drug penetrates well into the cerebrospinal fluid and brain, reaching levels similar to those in serum. Metronidazole is metabolized in the liver and may accumulate in hepatic insufficiency. 

Dosages and routes of administration Morphine is available in different salt forms but the hydrochloride and sulfate (Vermeire and Remon, 1999) are used preferentially. The compound can be administered by the oral, parenteral or intraspinal route. Oral application is preferred for chronic pain treatment and various slow release forms have been developed to reduce the administration frequency to 2-3 times per day (Bourke et al., 2000). Parenteral morphine is used in intravenous or intramuscular doses of 10 mg, mostly for postoperative pain and self-administration devices are available for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Morphine is additionally used for intraspinal (epidural or intrathecal) administration. Morphine is absorbed reasonably well in the lower gastrointestinal tract and can be given as suppositories. 

Tramadol is available as drops, capsules, and sustained-release formulations for oral use, suppositories for rectal use, and solution for intramuscular, intravenous, and subcutaneous injection. After oral administration, tramadol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed. Sustained-release tablets release the active ingredient over a period of 12 h, reach peak concentrations after 4.9 h, and have a bioavailability of 87 to 95% compared with capsules. One 100-mg dose given to healthy volunteers resulted in plasma levels of 375 ng/ml at 1.5 h.55 Tramadol is 20% bound to plasma protein and it is rapidly distributed in the body it is mainly metabolized by O- and A-demethylation forming glucuronides and sulfates that are excreted by the kidney. 

Codeine-containing medications are most often taken orally, either in tablet form or as syrup (also called elixir ). Codeine may also be given by intramuscular (IM) injection. Intravenous codeine administration is not used because of the risk of causing dangerously low blood pressure (hypotension). Codeine suppositories are given rectally, but usually only in infants and children who have had surgery. 

Administration Most sulfa drugs are well absorbed after oral administration. Sulfasalazine [sul fa SAL a zeen], when administered orally or as a suppository, is reserved for treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (for example, Crohn s disease or ulcerative colitis), because it is not absorbed. Similarly, succinylsulfathiazole [suks in ill sul fa THI a zole] is used for the treatment of salmonella and shigella carriers. Intravenous sulfonamides are generally reserved for patients who are unable to take oral preparations. Because of the risk of sensitization, sulfas are not usually applied topically. In burn units, creams of mafenide acetate (p-aminomethylbenzensulfonamide) or silver sulfadiazine have been effective in reducing burn sepsis. However, superinfections with resistant bacteria or fungi may occur. 

Routes of administration are chosen as common-sense counsels, e.g. prophylaxis may be intravenous or oral, but when vomiting occurs injections and suppositories are available. 

The most common route of exposure to the shortacting barbiturates is ingestion of oral dosage forms. Several of these agents are also available for parenteral administration (intramuscular or intravenous) and have been used as rectal suppositories. 

RNase (RNAse ribonuclease) An enzyme that cleaves RNA. routes of administration of drugs There are many different routes but common ones include intravascular injection or infusion (into the blood vessels, e.g. by drip, mainly intravenous (into veins) but sometimes intra-arterial (into arteries) intramuscular (injection into muscles) subcutaneous (injection beneath the dermis of the skin) intradermal (injection into the skin) transdermal (across the skin. e.g. from skin patches) topical (application to the skin or mucous membranes) per rectum (by an ointment or suppository into the rectum) intravaginally (by an ointment or pessary into the vagina) intrathecal (by injection into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord) intranasally (often as a spray) orally (by mouth) inhalation. rRNA ribosomal RNA. 

Drug delivery methods include oral administration, transdermal absorption, injection (subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular), sprays, insert (suppositories) implantation (subcutaneous, brain, bone), patches (oral or nasal, mucosa, and dentin) [13]. When gels are used for DDS, the shape and size considered will depend on the method of administration. For example, gel particles must be less than several hundred nm for injection. For this purpose, microcapsules, nanocapsules, microgels, coacervates, and microspheres are used. 

---