Supplementation with Fungi

Some preliminary comments are given to provide perspective  

Illustrative examples of the application of fungi include the following  

It is worth drawing attention to the significance of other issues. In natural ecosystans, other microorganisms including bacteria are almost always present and it has been shown that, in experiments using [7,10- C]benzo[a]pyrene, incubation for 215 d mth Bjerkandera sp. strain BOS55 alone resulted in the formation of 13.5% C02 and 61% of labeled metabolites in the 

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Most of the bacteria, yeasts, molds, and higher fungi of interest for SCP production are deficient in methionine and must be supplemented with this amino acid to be suitable for animal feeding or human food appHcations. Also, lysine—arginine ratios should be adjusted in poultry rations in which yeast SCP is used (62). Human feeding studies have shown that only limited quantities of yeast such as Candida utilis can be added to food products without adverse effects on flavor (63). 

Several microbial species (in particular fungi) produce phytases (EC 3.1.3.8). The incorporation of suitable, microbially derived phytases in the diet can confer the ability to digest phytic acid on the recipient animals. This would have a threefold beneficial effect the anti-nutritional properties of phytic acid would be destroyed a lesser requirement for feed supplementation with inorganic phosphorous wottld exist and reduced phosphate levels would be present in the faeces. Several trials have confirmed that the inclusion of phytase in animal feed promotes at least some of these effects. However, the enzyme is not yet used in many cormtries. This may be explained, in part, by the fact that most microbial species only produce low levels of phytase activity which, obviously, has an effect on the cost of the finished product. It seems likely that widespread utilization of phytase within the industry will only be made possible by the production of this enzyme from recombinant sottrces, and at least two major enzyme companies are marketing such an enzyme for a nttmber of years now. 

Adapted media for the microbial strains potato dextrose broth (PDB, Difco) used at half-strength (12 g/L for filamentous fungi supplemented with antibiotics) and Poor broth (PB, 1% bactotryptone, 0.9% NaCl w/v, pH 7.4) if bacterial strains for activity screening during isolation. 

The coloration in green algae is due to chlorophyll a and b. Most of the species are aquatic, and are found commonly in fresh water and marine habitats some are terrestrial, growing in soil, trees, or rocks. Some are symbiotic with fungi, others are symbiotic with animals, e.g., the fresh water coelenterate Hydra has a symbiotic species of chlorella. Chlorella is sold as a health supplement (Wong and Cheung, 2000). 

Fermentation [16]. Some important pharmaceuticals, including steroids, antibiotics, and certain food additives (such as vitamins) are produced by fermentation. In fermentation, microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, yeast, or fungi) are inoculated in a liquid broth supplemented with nutrients (e.g., temperature, pH, oxygen). These microorganisms produce the desired product (e.g., antibiotic, steroid, vitamin, and so on) as a by-product of normal metabolism. The process of fermentation includes three steps ... 

Media for yeasts and moulds often have a lower pH (5.5-6.0) than bacterial culture media (7.0-7.4). Lactic acid may be used to impart a low pH because it is not, itself, inhibitory to fungi at the concentrations used. Some fungal media that are intended for use with specimens that may also contain bacteria may be supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics, e.g. chloramphenicol or tetracyclines. 

A polysaccharide obtained from sea-weed which forms a gel. When this is supplemented with nutrients, it is used as a support medium for growing fungi. 

Accelerated thermogenesis—The nutrients provided by the supplements act as a "supercharger" for the microbial populations. Consequently their increased activity generates more heat. Specifically, supplementation with vegetable oil (cottonseed oil) increased populations of actinomycetes and thermophilic fungi (Schisler and Patton, 1 970) while soluble carbohydrates (molasses) enhanced bacterial populations (Hayes and Randle. 1968). 

During the course of surveys to find fungi possessing the ability to produce greater amounts of asterriquinone, it was discovered that Asp. terreus var. af-ricanus IFO 8835 produces many similar metabolites (187). Cultivation in malt-extract medium supplemented with polypeptone (5 g/liter) greatly increases the yield of pigments (1.3 g/liter). 

Fungi (media not supplemented with tryptophan) Phycomycesblakesleeanus[i5] Saccharomyces sp. [6, 10] Candida albicans [17] Drechslera (Helminthosporium) nodulosum [40]... 

One criticism of the incubation system supplemented with norharman is that it may be a super sensitive, artificial system for screening chemical mutagens. However, it has been shown that o-toluidine can produce bladder tumors, and aniline alone was recently reported to be carcinogenic in animal experiments. Moreover, norharman and harman are found in tobacco tar, the culture media of fungi, and charred parts of proteinaceous foods. 

All fungi are heterotrophs and require an organic carbon source for growth. Variable numbers and quantities of vitamins are required as well otherwise, an inorganic salt medium supplemented with trace elements is enough to support good growth. In addition to these synthetic media, there are complex media based on yeast extract and peptone. Media recipes for Schiz. pombe have been described, Media recipes for work with Sacch. cerevisiae will be described in detail. 

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