Supercapacitors nanostructured materials

This book is devoted to conjointly present the advances in electrochemistry of nanostructured materials. More specifically, the text presents the foundations and applications of the electrochemistry of microporous materials with incorporation of recent developments in applied fields (fuel cells, supercapacitors, etc.) and fundamental research (fractal scaling, photoelectrocatalysis, magnetoelectrochemistry, etc.). The book attempts to make electrochemistry accessible to researchers and graduate students working on chemistry of materials but also strives to approximate porous materials chemistry to electrochemists. To provide a reasonable volume of literature, citations are limited to fundamental articles. Whenever possible, textbooks and review articles have been cited or, alternatively, recent articles covering wide citations of previous literature have been used in order to facilitate access to a more extensive literature for readers who are interested in monographic topics. 

Yu, Z., Tetard, L., Zhai, L., Thomas, J., 2015. Supercapacitor electrode materials nanostructures from 0 to 3... 

Bose, S., T. Kuila, A. K. Mishra, R. Rajasekar, N. H. Kim, and J. H. Lee. 2012. Carbon-based nanostructured materials and their composites as supercapacitor electrodes. Journal of Materials Chemistry llfKfl-l A. 

Shivakumara, S., T. R. Penki, and N. Munichandraiah. 2014. Preparation and electrochemical performance of porous hematite (a-Fe203) nanostructures as supercapacitor electrode material. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 18 1057-1066. 

Wang, X. R, B. Liu, Q. R Wang et al. 2013. Three-dimensional hierarchical GeSe2 nanostructures for high performance flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. Advanced Materials 25 1479-1486. 

Subramanian HW, Zhu BQ, Wei J. Nanostructured Mn02 hydrothermal synthesis and electrochemical properties as a supercapacitor electrode material. Power Source 2006 159 361. ... 

Supercapacitors. Materials, Systems, and Applications Functional Nanostructured Materials and Membranes for Water Treatment Materials for High-Temperature Fuel Cells Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells... 

Charge Transport in NiO NiO is one of the few metal oxides that are p-type in nature and is also studied for applications such as smart windows and supercapacitors. As prepared, the nanostructured material has some surface colouration attributed to Ni(III) sites on the smface. At negative potentials, or in the presence of a mild chemical reducing agent, the material can be bleached. On scanning to positive potentials the colour turns brown then black. The spectroelectrochemistry was studied by Boschloo and Hagfeldt, and two surface redox reactions were observed (Figure 3.70) attributed to oxidation of Ni to Ni coupled... 

C. K. Chan, One-dimensional nanostructured materials for Li-ion batteiy and supercapacitor electrodes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University (2009). 

The synthesis of nanostructured carbon using aliphatic alcohols as selfassembling molecules has demonstrated that this strategy can be extended beyond metal oxide-based materials [38]. Recently, we have reported the synthesis of a novel carbon material with tunable porosity by using a liquid-crystalline precursor containing a surfactant and a carbon-yielding chemical, furfuryl alcohol. The carbonization of the cured self-assembled carbon precursor produces a new carbon material with both controlled porosity and electrical conductivity. The unique combination of both features is advantageous for many relevant applications. For example, when tested as a supercapacitor electrode, specific capacitances over 120 F/g were obtained without the need to use binders, additives, or activation to increase surface area [38]. The proposed synthesis method is versatile and economically attractive, and allows for the precise control of the structure. 

In a nonexhaustive way, this chapter shows that Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors are very important electrical energy storage systems, where the carbon material plays a central role in the performance. Lately, many types of carbons have been investigated more or less empirically in these cells. However, the works performed recently pay a special attention to find correlations with specific parameters of nanostructured carbons, which is rather difficult because of the highly disordered state of these materials. 

Obreja, V. V On the performance of supercapacitors with electrodes based on carbon nanotubes and carbon activated material—a review. Physica E Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 2008, 40(7), 2596—2605. 

A commonly observed problem in nanostructured supercapacitors is their initial loss of capacitance during cycling, mainly caused by compaction of the material resulting in a reduced surface area exposed to electrolyte [65]. A performance... 

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