Super P carbon black

Battery grade carbon blacks produced by a specially designed partial combustion process include the ENSACO/SUPER P carbon black and the by-products of the Shell gasification process, known as Ketjen Black.74 78... 

FIGURE 7.6 TEM picture of a SUPER P Li carbon black. Left highly structured aggregates of fused primary particles. Right primary particle. 

FIGURE 7.7 TEM pictures of SUPER P Li carbon black (left) and TIMREX KS4 graphite (right). 

FIGURE 7.8 SEM pictures of a LiCo02 positive electrode (left) and of a surface-treated graphite negative electrode (right) both containing TIMREX KS6 graphite and SUPER P Li carbon black conductive additives. 

A balance is achieved between conductivity of the active carbon and porosity, which in effect translates to better capacitive performance. The result is that many active carbon materials lack sufficient conductivity to support long range or short range conduction of current within the electrode layer. To restrict the range over which carbon conduction must occur, metal collectors are used as supports for the carbon layer. Further, when the active carbon is unable to effectively conduct over short distances, specifically designed small carbon additives (e.g., carbon black. Super P) are used to increase the conduction of the electrode. 

To reduce internal resistance, electrode pastes contain polymeric binding agents (PTFE, Nafion, PVdF, or PVB) and conductive carbon additives (acetylene black. Super P) [127-129]. Binders increase durability and prevent degradation of the collector-electrode interface over time. However, one downside of using these agents is an increase in internal electrode resistance that reduces device power [31]. Optimal balance of internal resistance and sufficient paste stability leads to loading of about 3 to 5% by weight. 

FIGURE 17.5 Anodic scan on PVDF/carbon black super-P working electrode. Scan rate 0.1/mVs. 

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