Super acid surfactants

The SWCNTs fibers were synthesized using wet spinning process of solutions comprising nanotubes, surfactant and water. This process provides polymer-free nanotubes fibers without the need for super acid. The fabrication procedure was described in [6]. The SWCNT material prepared by laser ablation was used for making the fibers. 

These surfactants are produced by reacting fatty acids or fatty methyl esters with ethanolamine or diethanolamine. With fatty acids, conventional amides (sometimes called Kritchevsky alkanolamides) are obtained that consist of approximately 50% amide, 25% unreacted diethanolamine and 25% of various by-products (the amine ester the amide ester, and the amine soap). With methyl esters, higher-active (90% amide) alkanolamides are produced these are known as super amides . 

Proteins are by nature amphipathic or amphiphilic molecules that is, they contain both a hydrophobic (nonpolar) and a hydrophilic (polar) moiety. However, natural proteins per se are not used as commercial surfactants. Rather, proteins are modified by chemical or enzymatic means to products with surface-active properties. The use of modified proteins based on casein, soybean, albumen, collagen, or keratin is not new [5]. The Maywood Chemical Company introduced commercial protein-based surfactants (PBS) in the United States in 1937. They were primarily condensation products of fatty acids with hydrolyzed proteins [5], Renewed interest in PBS has occurred not only as products based on renewable raw materials (i.e., proteins and fatty acids), but also as a solution to waste disposal for animal and vegetable protein byproducts [5], Among the commercial PBS, the following trade names have been active Crotein, Lexein, Magpon Polypeptide, Protolate, Sol-U-Teins, and Super Pro. 

In soap bar processing free fatty acid is usually added in formulations to create so-called super-fatted soap. An acid-soap complex with a fixed stoichiometric ratio between alkaline soap and the fatty acid is formed. For example, the ratio of potassium acid soap is 1 1 while sodium soap forms acid soaps with various ratios. The fixed ratio complex exits not only in anhydrous crystalline phase but also in a hydrous liquid crystalline phase (11, 12). Oleic acid and its potassium soap form a 1 1 complex acid soap when equal molar acid and soap are mixed. Above the Krafft boundary, the acid soap in water forms a lamellar liquid crystal phase at low surfactant concentration, from a few percent, and the lamellar liquid crystal phase extends to ca 60% surfactant concentration. A hexagonal liquid crystal phase is formed after the lamellar liquid crystal phase with further increasing the surfactant concentration. This phase behavior is different from the soap and water phase behavior, in which the hexagonal liquid crystalline phase is formed first followed by the lamellar liquid crystalline phase. Below the Krafft boundary the acid soap complex forms a solid crystal and separates from water (4). 

Alkali Surfactant NM Burcoterge NO-313 Cola Teric LFM Monaterio JEC surfactant, heavy-duty detergents Anipax 25 P Anipax Super N DodecyF benzenesuKbnic acid Maranil CB-22 Sodiian coco-sulfate Surfonic LF-18 Surfonic LF-41 Surfonic LF-47 Sur-fonir LF-68 Surfonic P-3 Surfonic P-5 Surfonic P-6 TEA alkylbenzene sulfonate Teric 161 surfactant, heavy-duty fat/oil removal... 

EP7025 Softanol EP7045 Softanol EP9050 Tallow phosphate T-Det C-20 Teric Nil Teric N30L Ufasan 50 Ufasan 60A Ufasan TEA Zonyl FTS surfactant, metalworking Actrasol EO AMPHOSOL AT-2 Arquad 2.10-50 Arquad 2C-70 Nitrite Arquad HTL8(W) MS-85 Barium dinonylnaph-thalene sulfonate Beral 398 Berol 453 BIO-SOFT LA Acid Brij C2 Brij C20 Brij CS50 Cocamide TEA Cocoyl sarcosine Crillet 2 Super Crodafos ... 

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