Sulfur excretion

Fig. 5 Scanning electron micrograph of sulfur excreting Thiobacillus [40]...

Magos L. 1972a. Relevancy of bivalent sulfur excretion to carbon disulfide exposure in different metabolic conditions. Br J Ind Med 29 90-94. 

In cases of overtraining in athletes, the glutathione concentration of blood plasma is reduced and sulfur excretion via the urine increased (Larsson et al. 1982, Gohil et al. 1988, Kretzschmar and Muller 1993). An optimal sulfur amino acid supply will prevent the development of an inflammation during train-... 

HIV-positive people lose large amounts of sulfur via the urine, and this is accompanied by a low sulfur (especially cysteine and glutathione) concentration in the blood serum. Sulfur excretion was more than three-fold higher than in HIV-negative patients. In addition to an increased cysteine level following N-acetylcysteine and cysteine treatment, an improvement in immune function has also been observed (Breitkreuz et al. 2000). 

Excess sulfur is excreted in the urine and in the feces. About 85 to 90% of the sulfur excreted in the urine is in the organic form, derived almost entirely from the metabolism of the sulfur amino acids. Since inorganic sulfates are poorly absorbed, it follows that the fecal excretion of sulfur is about equal to the inorganic sulfur content of the diet. 

Metabolism. Absorption, distribution, metaboHsm, and excretion of thioglycolic acid have been reviewed (20). In summary,. -thioglycolic acid was absorbed significantly after appHcation to the skin of rabbits. After intravenous injection, the greatest counts of radioactivity were found in the kidneys, lungs, and spleen of monkey and in the small intestine and kidneys of rat. Most of the radioactivity was rapidly excreted in the urine in the form of inorganic sulfate and neutral sulfur. 

The biological half-life of a radioisotope is the time required for the body to excrete half of the radioisotope. The effective half-life is the time required for the amount of a radioisotope in the body to be reduced to half its original amount, as a result of both the decay of the radioisotope and its excretion. Sulfur-35 (tu2 = 87.4 d) is used in cancer research. The biological half-life of sulfur-35 in the human body is 90. d. What is the effective half-life of sulfur-35 ... 

Schoeninger, M.J. and DeNiro, M.J. 1984 Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen from marine and terrestrial animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 625-639. Schuette, S. A., Hegsted, M., Zemel, B. and Linkswiler, H.M. 1981 Renal acid, urinary cyclic AMP, and hydroxyproline excretion as affected by level of protein, sulfur amino acids and phosphorus intake. Journal of Nutrition 111 2106-2116. 

Most of dose recovered in urine as thiocyanate in 6 h excretion limited by availability of transferable sulfur... 

In the case of sulfur mustard, analysis of low molecular weight urinary metabolites suffers from the same drawback as in the case of anticholinesterases, i.e., these products are rapidly excreted and provide therefore limited retrospectivity. Similarly, the in vivo lifetime of DNA adducts of sulfur mustard are less than those of protein adducts due to repair of DNA damage. 

The similarity in sulfate excretion during the meat and soybean periods (Figure 2) indicates that the two diets were well matched for sulfur content. Despite this similarity, the titratable acidity of the urine during the soy bean period was far below that of the meat period and did not follow the sulfate excretion. This suggests that some other anion other than sulfate in the titratable acid may have decreased while sulfate rose, Figuies 1 and 2. 

The meat diet resulted in markedly greater titratable acid and calcium excretion compared with the soy diet (P<0.02). This occurred despite the fact that each diet contained the same amounts of protein, calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur. Increased urinary calcium excretion in subjects accompanied this increased output of TTA (P<0.02) ... 

Earlier animal work showed similar results in terms of urinary acid production from dietary precursors that could be converted into acid before excretion. However, most investigators used salts rather than foods containing the anion or its precursor. The addition of acid, in the form of hydrochloric, sulfuric, or ammonium chloride, acid phosphate salts, or ascorbate resulted in enhanced urinary acidity and concomitant calcium excretion. For example, in the detailed study of bone salt metabolism, Barzel and Jowsey (19) showed that the rat fed supplementary ammonium chloride subsequently lost more calcium, and developed markedly demineralized fat-free bone mass. 

Our studies show that sulfur feeding in the form of meat also induced greater acid and calcium excretion in the urine than soy. 

The high biological value of soy has been attributed to its sulfur amino acid content. As mentioned previously, the sulfur amino acid ratios may have accounted for the large change in acid excretion in the meat period compared with the soy (Figure 1). 

Information regarding the distribution of the very commonly used detergent sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) also appears in Table V. Twenty-four hrs. after injection of the form of SLS, most of it (65%) has been excreted in the urine of the shark. At the earlier time point, 4 hrs., the hepatic tissue has a higher concentration and quantity of the detergent than any other tissue. Muscle retained the isotope longer than did other tissues in this table and may represent sulfur exchange with endogenous substances. 

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