Sulfolane methanol

CONSTANTS, VAPOR PRESSURES, ACTIVITIES, AND HEATS OF MIXING OF SULFOLANE-WATER, SULFOLANE-METHANOL, AND SULFOLANE-ETHANOL MIXTURES. 

A slurry of pure calcium fluoride in a solution of potassium fluoride in methanol is slowly evaporated to dryness (KF CaF molar ratio of 1 5) for ca 1 h at 80 °C under reduced pressure Fluonnation of benzyl bromide for 2 h at 120 °C in sulfolane gives 74% yield (92% conversion), compared with 36% with potassium fluonde alone... 

A mixture of 5.2 parts of 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzophenone, 5 parts of ammonia, 72 parts of methanol and 13 parts of sulfolane is heated overnight at 125°C in a sealed tube. The reaction mixture is evaporated in vacuo. The semisolld residue is boiled in 100 parts of a diluted hydrochloric acid solution. After cooling, the precipitated product Is filtered off and dissolved in chloroform. The chloroform phase is dried and evaporated. The residue is crystallized from toluene, yielding 4-amino-3-nitrobenzophenone MP 141°C. 

This approach applies only when we are certain that the substrate is mainly in the form of the free ion at the lowest anion concentrations. This is true in the chloride exchange of cw-[Co en2 Cl2]+ in methanol and we can safely conclude that the mechanism is unimolecular (8, 9. 10, 11, 26, 27). This condition did not exist when we studied the displacement of water in trans-[Co en2N02H20]+2 by anions where, because of the large ion association constants, none of the substrate was in the free ion form under reaction conditions. However, in the reaction between trans-[Co en2N02Br]+ and thiocyanate in sulfolane, the substrate was mainly in the free ion form. The observed second-order kinetic form was fully consistent with assigning a bimolecular mechanism to the rearrangement of the ion pair. 

Nitroform, Methanol, Hydrazine Nitroform, Diethyl ether, Hydrazine Nitroform, Methyl acetate, SUver-I oxide, 1,4-Dibromobutyne-2, Chloroform Glyoxal, Benzylamine, Formic acid, Acetonitrile, Acetic anhydride. Palladium on charcoal, Bromobenzene, Chloroform, Sulfolane, Nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate. Ethyl acetate TNT, DMSO, Oxygen gas. Sodium benzoate. Hydrochloric acid. Methanol, Acetone... 

Fig. 5. Plot of log(rates) vs. log(pressure) for rhodium-catalyzed CO hydrogenation. Reaction conditions 75 ml sulfolane, 3 mmol Rh, 1.25 mmol pyridine, H2/CO = 1, 240 C, 4 hr (96). Total rate includes rates to methanol, methyl formate, ethanol, ethylene glycol monoformate, and propylene glycol ( ) total ( ) methanol ( ) ethylene glycol. Open figures are for an experiment with H2/CO = 0.67.

Fig. 19. Effect of catalyst concentration on rates to methanol and ethylene glycol by an iodide-promoted ruthenium catalyst (191). Reaction conditions 75 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone ( ) or sulfolane ( ) solvent, [KI] = 6[Ru], 850 atm, 230"C, H2/CO = 1.

Details of the depolymerization, solvent separations, and product analyses were described previously (3, 4). Molecular weights of the benzene-, methanol-, and phenol-soluble fractions were determined cryoscopically using sulfolane as the solvent (li). 

However, for certain applications non-aqueous solvents have their advantages. Uni-univalent electrolytes dissolved at low to moderate concentrations in solvents with a relative permittivity larger than, approximately, 30 are completely dissociated into ions. Of the solvents on the List, methanol, glycols, glycerol, formic acid, ethylene and propylene carbonate, 4-butyrolactone, ethanolamine, 2-cyanopyridine, acetonitrile, nitromethane and -benzene, the amides, whether N-substituted or not, dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfate, and hexamethyl phosphoramide have s > 30 at ambient conditions (Table 3.5). Most of these solvents have, indeed, been used in electrochemical processes. 

A mixture of 24.5 parts of 4-chloro-4 -fluoro-3-nitrobenzophenone, 72 parts of methanol, 13 parts of sulfolane and 3.12 parts of ammonia is heated in a sealed tube for 20 hours at 120°C. To the reaction mixture is added successively 50 parts of water and 25 parts of a diluted hydrochloric acid solution and the whole is stirred and refluxed for 5 minutes. The reaction mixture is cooled and the precipitated product is filtered off. It is washed with... 

Low temperature methanol Dimethyl ethers of polyethylene glycol Di-isopropanolamine dissolved in sulfolane and water Monoethanolamine (MEA) or diglycolamine... 

The use of solvent mixtures helps to combine the chemical and physical effects of absorption. This mainly involves the following systems methanol and ethanolamines (Lurgi Amisol processes), sulfolane and diisopropyiamine (Shdl Sulfmol process). 

Conductometric and spectrophotometric behavior of several electrolytes in binary mixtures of sulfolane with water, methanol, ethanol, and tert-butanol was studied. In water-sulfolane, ionic Walden products are discussed in terms of solvent structural effects and ion-solvent interactions. In these mixtures alkali chlorides and hydrochloric acid show ionic association despite the high value of dielectric constants. Association of LiCl, very high in sulfolane, decreases when methanol is added although the dielectric constant decreases. Picric acid in ethanol-sulfolane and tert-butanol-sulfolane behaves similarly. These findings were interpreted by assuming that ionic association is mainly affected by solute-solvent interactions rather than by electrostatics. Hydrochloric and picric acids in sulfolane form complex species HCl and Pi(HPi). ... 

The physical solvents methanol (Rectisol process), sulfolane (Sulfinol Process) and N-rnethylpyrrolidone (Purisol) are preferentially used in the treatment of partial oxidation gases and will be described separately in the following section. 

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