Sulfite liquors, fermentation

Because wood sugar solutions are sterile, they permit yeast to survive under conditions that are suitable for reuse of the yeast. This procedure is similar to that used in the fermentation of sulfite liquor at the Mechan-icsville. New York, plant as early as 1913 and in Swedish and German processes since that time. Yeast reuse has also been employed for sulfite waste liquor in Canada. ... 

The fifth paper, "A Separative Bioreactor Direct Product Capture and pH Control," presented by Seth Snyder of the Argonne National Laboratory, reviewed development and performance of a novel bioreactor incorporating electrodeionization to simultaneously produce and separate products from both enzymatic and microbially mediated reactions. The sixth paper, " Optimization of Xylose Fermentation in Spent Sulfite Liquor by Saccharomyces cerevisiae 259ST," presented by Steven Helle of the University of British Columbia, provided an overview of an approach to fermentation optimization utilized to identify key process variables limiting use of the SSL for commercial ethanol production. 

Two different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used CBS 8066 (Centralbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Delft, The Netherlands) and TMB 3000 (Division of Applied Microbiology, Lund University, Sweden). TMB 3000 is a strain originally isolated from spent sulfite liquor, and therefore it has a high tolerance to inhibitors. The strains were maintained on agar plates (20 g/L of agar, 20 g/L of soya peptone, 20 g/L of glucose, and 10 g/L of yeast extract). Before the fermentations, inoculum cultures were grown in 250-mL conical E-flasks. The flasks were placed in a shaker bath (30°C, 140 rpm) for 24 h. 

Data of Nigam, 2001, for fermentations on spent sulfite liquor. 

Industrial scale continuous fermentations on rotoevaporated spent sulfite liquor (hardwood pulping, y softwood pulping). 

About 10 million gallons of the fermentation alcohol is derived from wastes such as sulfite liquor or whey, but the balance presently depends on damaged grain or sugar, crop surpluses and molasses. Relative costs of ethylene and carbohydrates will change this in a few years, but no reversal to ethanol-based ethylene is likely in this country for much longer, perhaps through 1990. ... 

Composition of the adhesive One part spray-dried, milled sulfite liquor containing ca. 20% sugar and 1.5 parts concentrated culture filtrate of Trametes versicolor (grown on 0.1% organosolv lignin in a 25 L fermenter), containing 420 U/mL phenoloxidase activity. 

Compiled from Eveleigh [52], Kirk-Othmer [54], and Chemical and Engineering News [55]. Fermented from molasses, grain, sulfite liquors, cellulose, etc. 

MatedLaJLs. Kraft lignin samples were obtained from WESTVACO Corp., Charleston, South Carolina they were commercial preparations traded under the name INDULIN-AT. Lignin sulfonate preparations were procured from GEORGIA PACIFIC Corp., Bellingham, Washington their commercial name is LIGNOSITE (spray-dried from fermented calcium spent sulfite liquor). 

Fermentation Kinetics for Xylitol Prodnction by a Pichia st itis D-Xylulokinase Mutant Previously Grown in Spent Sulfite Liquor... 

An inevitable and commercially important byproduct of fermentation processes is yeast. This can be recovered, dried, and inactivated to form a valuable food ingredient. Although the brewing industry is the major source, the demand is sufficient to warrant the growing of selected yeasts primarily for this purpose. Henry [63] has described the production of dried Torula yeast, resulting from the fermentation of the waste sulfite liquors from paper production. 

Chem. Descrip. Calcium lignosulfonate (fermented spent sulfite liquor)... 

Consideration of these facts naturally led to plans to use saccharified wood waste and sulfite liquor as sources of fermentable sugar. Large potential supplies of these were available, and the economic factors which affect their use in peacetime did not enter into the picture as serious deterrents in the emergency. Faith and Hall (41) summarize the wood hydrolysis process of Scholler as modified by work in the United States. 

The fermentation of sulfite waste liquor was attacked in a novel way by Nord and co-workers and is reported by Nord and Mull (93). Fusarium Uni Bolley ferments pentoses and was able to grow on sulfite liquor provided the liquor was first freed of toxic substances by lime treatment or, alternatively, by a resin. The amount of alcohol produced was small. Attempts were made to ferment with Fusarium stillage from an alcohol plant operating on wheat, and an amount of alcohol equivalent to 6-12% of that obtained from yeast fermentation was obtained. It was shown that Fusarium mycelium was not toxic to mice, which would indicate there was no objection to the use of a Fusanam-fermented stillage as feed. 

Large-scale production is based on fermentation processes (homolactic or heterolactic), starting from glucose-containing or delivering materials, such as -+starch, - molasses, - whey, sulfite liquors (- paper and pulp) and - sucrose, with various strains of Lactobacillus (L. leichmannii, L. casei, L. delbriickii, L. brevis, L. bulgaricus). 

The application of these organisms decreases the BOD (biological oxygen demand) of such solutions because of the utilization of the pentoses. When sulfite waste liquor is fermented in this manner, the BOD is reduced 34.3%. Scholler reports yields of mixtures of butyl alcohol, acetone, ethyl alcohol and fatty acids equivalent to 13 to 16%... 

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