Sugars starch, from

Initially, PLA was a high-cost material compared with conventional thermoplastics and its commercial exploitation was limited. Recent developments, particularly with regard to the sourcing of lactic acid, which is mostly obtained by the fermentation of plant-derived sugars (starch from corn and potatoes, sucrose from beets and sugar cane and so on), has allowed PLA to be on the market at a reasonable price (approximately 2 /kg) [49]. 

Syrups and sugars— Starch from any starch source—rice, corn, or other grains, or potatoes—may be broken down into its component sugar either enzymatically or with dilute acids. The most familiar example in the United States is corn syrup (Karo). Complete hydrolysis of starch yields glucose— dextrose. 

Wort. Wort is the Hquid drained off the mash tun containing maltose, a grain sugar derived from the conversion of starch during the mashing process by the action of the organic enzyme, maltase, found in badey malt. 

Industrial ethyl alcohol can be produced synthetically from ethylene [74-85-17, as a by-product of certain industrial operations, or by the fermentation of sugar, starch, or cellulose. The synthetic route suppHes most of the industrial market in the United States. The first synthesis of ethanol from ethylene occurred in 1828 in Michael Faraday s lab in Cambridge (40). 

Starches. In the United States, all potable alcohol, most fermentation industrial alcohol, and most fuel alcohol is currendy made principally from grains com is the principal feedstock for fuel alcohol. Fermentation of starch from grain is somewhat more complex than fermentation of sugars because starch must first be converted to sugar and then to ethanol. This process was known to the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians who brewed beer almost 5000 years ago (202). The simplified equations for the conversion of starch to ethanol are... 

Plant material water contents range from high (>90%, e.g. vegetables) to low (< 10%, e.g. straw, herbs, tea, hops, etc.). Thus the ratio between the analytes (residues) and the organic matter potentially interfering with the analysis is very different for, e.g., cucumber and camomile tea. Other ingredients in plant materials such as acids, oil, sugars, starch or substances typically for the taste and effect of plant materials may have properties similar to those of the analytes and thus interfere in or influence the cleanup procedures. 

Once any directly fermentable sugars have been used up the yeast can only be fed by sugars produced from the starch. The only starch that can be broken down is the damaged starch. This explains why a certain amount of starch damage and some amylase activity is desirable in a bread flour. 

The reacting mixtures of malted barley alpha amylase and starch exhibit alpha mutarotation.23,72 Myrback82 has presented evidence to show that this mutarotation is exhibited by the dextrins as well as by the sugars formed from starch by this enzyme. 

Fructose has a much sweeter taste than glucose, hence the transformation of glucose derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of starch from com, provides an alternative sweetener to sucrose (a disaccharide of glucose and fructose). This replaced the use of sugar cane by the US soft drinks and candy industry (and effectively destroyed the economy of Cuba in the process). 

Before 1900, a large share of the chemical industry was based on biomass it served as a feedstock for chemicals made from wood, sugars, starches, and fats. 

It has been shown also that the concentration of sucrose is a critical factor and that to obtain the highest yields very dilute solutions are necessary. Thus Fig. 1 shows the relative yields at different concentrations of sucrose heated with hydrobromic acid, all experiments being carried out under similar conditions. The highest yield of levulinic acid, weighed as crude material, was 79% of the theoretical and was obtained when the concentration of sucrose was 3%. Ploetz has also used the hydrobromic acid method to make levulinic acid and records a yield of 69% of the theoretical from crude sugar, 75% from glucose and 64 % from starch. 

J.P. Perdrizet, FrP 1132039 (1957) CA 53, 18487 (1959) claims highly brisant, small-diameter, low-cost, shock-resistant LOX cartridges are made with fuels obtained from pulp residue from the extraction of starch from potatoes, and sugar from beets... 

Pentosans. These compounds are polysaccharides which may he considered as anhydrides of pentose sugars, after the manner of the hexosans. sucrose, starch, from glucose, fructose. When pentosans or pentoses are heated with hydrochloric ot sulfuric acid, furfural C fljO CHO is formed, and addition of aniline produces a red color. Pentosans are present in gummy carbohydrates, in bran of wheat seed, and in woods. 

FERMENTATION. A form of respiration that requires no oxy gen. There is an incomplete breakdown of lilod carbon dioxide and oilier products, such as alcohol, are formed. The vsord is commonly used to refer to the conversion of sugars (and sugars derived from starch) into ethyl alcohol by the enzymes of yeast. 

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