Sugar purification

Saturations-gefass, n. saturation vessel, saturator, -scheidnngt / (Sugar) purification by carbonation (separation of impurities with the lime when the juice is saturated with carbon dioxide), -schlainm, m. (Sugar) sediment from carbonation. 

Collins, J. W., Boggs, L. A., Webb, A. A., and Wiley, A. A. (1973). Spent sulfite liquor reducing sugar purification by ultrafiltration with dynamic membranes. Tappi 56(6), 121 -124. 

Use Water softeners, boiler-water compounds, detergent, metal cleaner, textiles, manufacture of paper, laundering, tanning, sugar purification, photographic developers, paint removers, industrial cleaners, dietary supplement, buffer, emulsifier, food additive. 

Copper has wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification. Copper compounds, such as Fehling s solution, are widely used in analytical chemistry tests for sugar. 

Other Applications. Polyacrylamides are used in many additional appUcations including soil modification (138), dust control (139,140), humidity control (141), protein purification (142), removal of barium from wastewater (143), and removal of arsenic from hydrocarbons (144). Polyacrylamides have been used for many years in sugar manufacture and textile treatment. 

The ion-exclusion process for sucrose purification has been practiced commercially by Firm Sugar (104). This process operates in a cycHc-batch mode and provides a sucrose product that does not contain the highly molassogenic salt impurities and thus can be recycled to the crystallizers for additional sucrose recovery. 

J. C. P. Chen and C.-C. Chou, eds.. Cane Sugar Handbook, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1993 comprehensive reference with emphasis on sucrose extraction and purification. 

In 1833 an amylase from germinating barley was recovered and called diastase (1). Like malt itself, this product converted gelatinized starch into sugars, primarily maltose. Shordy thereafter, BerzeHus proclaimed the existence of non-living catalysts, and Schwaim (2) reported on his observation and purification of pepsin. 

The following are some of the typical industrial applications for liquid-phase carbon adsorption. Generally liquid-phase carbon adsorbents are used to decolorize or purify liquids, solutions, and liquefiable materials such as waxes. Specific industrial applications include the decolorization of sugar syrups the removal of sulfurous, phenolic, and hydrocarbon contaminants from wastewater the purification of various aqueous solutions of acids, alkalies, amines, glycols, salts, gelatin, vinegar, fruit juices, pectin, glycerol, and alcoholic spirits dechlorination the removal of... 

Ethanol was one of the first organic chemicals to be prepared and purified. Its production by fermentation of grains and sugars has been carried out for perhaps 9000 years, and its purification by distillation goes back at least as far as the 12th century. Today, approximately 4 billion gallons of ethanol is produced... 

To an ice-cold solution of the aldehydo sugar in CH,OH (ca. 25 mL per g) are added 3 equiv of nitromethane (or nitrocthane), followed by 2.9 equiv of sodium methoxide. After stirring for 2 h 45 min, the medium is neutralized by the addition of acidic Dowex 50, then filtered. Removal of the solvent by distillation and purification by chromatography on silica gel (Ei,0/hcxane) or on aluminum oxide (Et20) furnishes the product yield 85-99%. 

In 1967, Heidelberger, Stacey et al. reported the purification, some structural features, and the chemical modification of the capsular polysaccharide from Pneumococcus Type I. Difficulties of direct hydrolysis of the polysaccharide were overcome and it was possible to identify some of the fragments in the hy-drolyzate. At least six products resulted from nitrous acid deamination. Two were disaccharides, which were identified, and sequences of linked sugar units were proposed. As modification of the polysaccharide decreased the amounts of antibody precipitated by anti-pneumococcal Type I sera, the importance of the unmodified structural features in contributing to the specificity of the polysaccharide was indicated. 

This class of polysaccharide was well known in sugar refineries as the causative agent of ropiness it was formed from cane or beet sugar by bacteria of the Leuconostoc genus. Over many years, numerous papers were published, mainly with E. J. Bourne [Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 34 (1977) 1-22] and S. A. Barker as co-authors, describing the isolation, purification, properties, and structural features of dextrans. 

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