Sucrose refining

The ability of bone char to function as an alkaline buffer, so essential in sucrose refining, is a definite disadvantage in the refining of dextrose where it is desirable to operate on the acid side of pH 6. It has been shown that the optimum pH range is as low as 3.0 to 3.5.3 However, since solutions of this acidity would attack storage vessels, char filters and pipe lines, it is impractical to operate in the optimum pH range unless acid resistant equipment is employed. Consequently pH 5 is a practical lower limit for the process. 

T he hydrolysis of starch to produce sirups and sugars is big business. Among the various types of products of this class, the acid hydrolyzates are by far the largest group. Data are not readily available on the volume of enzymically converted sirups, but while this is a very sizable quantity, it is believed to be relatively small in comparison with the acid hydrolyzates. The total tonnage of corn sweeteners produced in the United States in 1951 was 1,151,418 tons. This compares with 7,737,000 tons of sucrose refined. 

Commercial sucrose Refined sugar (Raffinade), = EU-Category 1 White sugar (Kristallzucker) = EU-Category 2. They are further subdived into 5 standard granulation types between 1-2 mm... 

Emmerich Method. This method is for determination of trace amounts of reducing sugars in pure sucrose and white and refined sugars with reducing sugar content up to 0.15%. The test is carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere and is based on the reduction of 3,6-dinitrophthahc acid. 

The sucrose in cane sugar is identical to that in beet sugar both white refined products are 99.9% sucrose, with water as the principal nonsucrose component. Trace components from the plant indicate the origin of the sugar. 

A commercially interesting low calorie fat has been produced from sucrose. Proctor Gamble has patented a mixture of penta- to octafatty acid ester derivatives of sucrose under the brand name Olestra. It was approved by the FDA in January 1996 for use as up to 100% replacement for the oil used in preparing savory snacks and biscuits. Olestra, a viscous, bland-tasting Hquid insoluble in water, has an appearance and color similar to refined edible vegetable oils. It is basically inert from a toxicity point of view as it is not metabolized or absorbed. It absorbs cholesterol (low density Hpoprotein) and removes certain fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). Hence, Olestra has to be supplemented with these vitamins. No standard LD q tests have been performed on Olestra however, several chronic and subchronic studies were performed at levels of 15% in the diet, and no evidence of toxicity was found. No threshold limit value (TLV), expressed as a maximum exposure per m of air, has been estabhshed, but it is estimated to be similar to that of an inert hpid material at 5 mg/m. ... 

SUCROSE DECOMPOSITION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION, AND LOSSES IN SUGAR MANUFACTURE AND REFINING... 

Educate the patient on lifestyle modifications that may prevent recurrence, including decreased consumption of sucrose and refined carbohydrates, increased consumption of yogurt containing live cultures, and wearing cotton underwear. 

Attention was first directed toward the dextrans about the middle of the last century as these slimes were at times a serious problem in the wine and beet sugar industries. In the latter, jelly-like masses blocked the filters and interfered with the refining processes by retarding crystallization. Dextran, at various times, was regarded as a protoplasmic constituent of the beet cell,22 a product of sucrose fermentation, and as cellulose produced by fermentation.22 The empirical formula, (CeHioOs)n, for dextran was obtained2422 at an early date (about 1875) on hydrolysis, the substance was found to yield only D-glucose.1422-24 A tribenzoate and a triacetate of dextran were prepared by Daumichen.24... 

Menten soon received international recognition for her study of enzymes. From 1912 to 1913, she worked at Leonor Michaelis lab at the University of Berlin. While conducting experiments on the breakdown of sucrose by the enzyme called invertase, Menten and Michaelis were able to refine the work of Victor Henri to explain how enzymes function. A few years earlier, Henri had proposed that enzymes bind directly to their substrates. Michaelis and Menten obtained the precise measurements that were needed to support Henri s hypothesis. Using the recently developed concept of pH, they were able to buffer their chemical reactions and thereby control the conditions of their experiments more... 

A good example of using adsorptive separation in a non-refining/petrochemical application is the separation of fructose from an aqueous solution of mixed sugars. This process allows the production of high concentration fructose which has a much higher sweetness to calorie ratio than simple glucose or sucrose. As in fine chemical and pharmaceutical applications we can often use adsorption when distillation is not possible or feasible or when the material is thermally sensitive. 

In support of this conclusion, Hanson et al. (1973) found, for a large data set on sucrose (with sin 0/k < 0.81 A-1), a mean difference between the phases ipx from a spherical-atom refinement and spherical-atom calculation with neutron parameters of 1.8°. A better approximation to the true phases is... 

---