Sucrose labeled with

Later it was found that other monoses could be exchanged directly for D-fructose in the sucrose molecule. First, sucrose labelled with C14 in the D-fructose portion was prepared by the action of the Pseudomonas sac-charophila enzyme on ordinary sucrose and C14 labelled D-fructose.44 Subsequently D-fructose has been exchanged in the same manner for other monoses, for example, L-sorbose.48 Thus new oligosaccharides may be prepared by exchanging one monose for another through the action of this enzyme without the use of the phosphate intermediate. 

Synthesis of Sucrose Labelled with Carbon-14 in the Fructose Part, E. J. Bourne, J. Peters, and H. Weigel,/. Chem. Soc., 4605-4607 (1964). 

Figure 10.1 Experimental schemes for microarray analysis. All experimental schemes start with a separation step of the cell lysate by velocity sedimentation in a sucrose gradient (top scheme). Collection of the desired fractions is assisted by a continuous ultraviolet (UV) reading of the gradient (an example of such UV reading is shown in each section). This allows determination of the sedimentation position of the 40S, 60S, 80S, and polyribosomal complexes (2,3, and more).Three general ways for fraction collection and analysis are presented (sections A, B, and C) (A) Collection of two fractions (free and polysomes) and direct comparison between them, with the free mRNA fraction labeled with green dye and the polysome fraction labeled with red dye. (B) Collection of two fractions and indirect comparison between them by utilizing an unfractionated reference RNA. (C) Collection of multiple fractions (four in this case), where each fraction is compared to an unfractionated reference sample. The blue arrows indicate the addition of spike-in RNA to each fraction and to the reference RNA.

The graph shows E. coli labeled with radioactive thymidine for a short pulse (10 s) followed by a chase with an excess of nonradioactive thymidine. The DNA is then extracted and centrifuged in alkaline sucrose gradients (under high pH conditions the DNA denatures). Explain what these data imply, and interpret these results in light of our current model for DNA replication. 

Sensitization of honeybees by sucrose stimulation led to an overall increase of Ca2+ signals in PNs (Weidert et al., 2001). The PNs were selectively labeled with a calcium-sensitive dye (see below) and the response in activated glomeruli was significantly stronger than in control animals. Hence, neural correlates of both associative and non-associative processes are formed already at the level of the AL. A sensitized animal will be in a state more ready to pay attention to environmental stimuli, e.g. foodsearch. 

After 20 years and more than 200 million in research and development, Proctor Gamble received permission from the FDA in 1996 to market its fat substitute Olestra in certain snack foods (e.g., potato chips, crackers, and cheese puffs). Olestra, technically a sucrose polyester, is not digestible, so it adds neither fat nor calories to food. However, Olestra can inhibit the absorption of certain fat-soluble vitamins and other nutrients. Therefore, all products containing Olestra must be labeled with the following information This product contains Olestra. Olestra inhibits the absorption of some vitamins and other nutrients. Vitamins A, D, E, and K have been added. Also, as a condition of approval, Proctor Gamble must monitor consumption and conduct studies on Olestra s long-term effects. 

Citric acid, II, 148 III, 238, 242, 248 Iahelled with C11, III, 238 labelled with isotopic C, III, 241 from molasses, IV, 336 from sucrose, IV, 322, 324 Citric acid cycle, in carbohydrate oxidation, III, 238... 

Formic acid, cellulose ester, I, 310 from inositol oxidation, III, 52 labelled with C1, III, 237 labelled with isotopic C, III, 231, 232 starch ester, I, 300 from sucrose, IV, 309 Formose, IV, 27... 

Tartaric acid production was accompanied by a process involving recycling of C6 of ascorbic acid into sugars and polysaccharides. When leaves were labeled with l-[ 6-ascorbic acid before anthesis, about 70% of the appeared in soluble (sugar) or residual (polysaccharide) fractions (Table II), a quantity comparable to that found in tartaric acid when the source of label was l-[1- C] ascorbic acid. The bulk of the label in the solution fraction was sucrose, glucose, and fructose while... 

Fig. 4. Actin cytoskeletal organization (labeled with phalloidin-FITC) of hFOB 1.19 grown for 48h on a) plastic support (A) - original magnification 16x b) sucrose film deposited on glass support SI (B) - original magnification 32x.

Fig. 8.3 Uptake mechanisms for R8 peptides, R8 peptides complexed with plasmid DNA and R8-modified liposomes, a) R8 peptides labeled with EITCwere taken up by NIH3T3 cells, b) Uptake of R8 peptides in the presence of sucrose (inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis 400 mM). c) Uptake of plasmid DNA complexed with R8 peptides...

FIGURE 20.14 Detection of individual mitochondria sampled from a muscle tissue cross section. CE-LIF was performed on (1) cross sections that were labeled with 5 p.M NAO, (2) an unlabeled cross section, and (3) a solution of the free dye, NAO. The three traces show that mitochondria are detected when labeled with NAO and there is relatively little interference from other cellular components. The small spikes seen in (2) are likely caused by scattering of the excitation source or autofluorescence but only comprise 5% of the peaks detected in (1). Mitochondria were separated at -200 V/cm in a poly(AAP) coated capillary in 250 mM sucrose, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4. (Reprinted from Ahmadzadeh, H. et al.. Anal. Chem., 76, 315, 2004. Copyright 2006. With permission American Chemical Society.)... 

Fig. 1-Sedimentogram of isolated nuclear D-RNA from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells labeled with 14C orotic acid for 45 minutes. D-RNA obtained by hot phenol fractionation in the temperature interval between 55 and 85 . (Georgiev and Mantieva, 1962 Arion, Mantieva and Georgiev, 1967). Ultracentrifugation in SW-25 rotor in 5 to 20 percent sucrose gradient in 0.5 x SSC - 0.005 M EDTA-Na, pH 7.5, for 12 hours at 21,000 rpm.

Fig. 13. Nucleoprotein complexes containing virus-specific RNA in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells infected with vaccina virus. A. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of cytoplasmic extract, after 30-minute labeling with uridine. Centrifugation 18.5 hours at 22,000 rpm. B. Recentrifugation of RNP isolated from SOS zone sucrose gradient in CsCI density gradient. Centrifugation in preformed CsCI density gradient in SW-39 rotor at 37,000 rpm, 20 hours. (From Belitsina et al. 1968. Molec. BioL (U.S.S.R.), 2 727-735.)...

Buchanan (1953) reported that sucrose is photosynthesized from fructose-6-phosphate of the carbon reduction cycle. One molecule of fructose-6-phosphate is converted to glucose-6-phosphate, which reacts with uridine triphosphate (UTP) to form uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG). UDPG is always labeled with during short periods of photosynthesis with The UTP was... 

Fig. 9. Molecular weight analysis of muscle cell DNA by alkaline sucrose gradients, 27 h cultures labelled with thymidine 44, 53, 66, 75 and 92 h cultures labelled with [" H] thymidine. [" H], "C]...

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